Vinylogous amines

The stereospecific generation of enamines by -elimination reactions (187) and a vinylogous elimination, which leads to a dienamine (188), have been reported. The loss of an a substituent from a tertiary amine is seen in the generation of enamines by elimination of hydrogen cyanide from benzylic a-aminonitriles (189,190). 

While the usual eonsequence of hydration of enamines is eleavage to a secondary amine and an aldehyde or ketone, numerous cases of stable carbinolamines are known (102), particularly in examples derived from cyclic enamines. The selective terminal hydration (505) of a cross-conjugated dienamine-vinylogous amide is an interesting example which gives an indication of the increased stabilization of the vinylogous amide as compared to simple enamines, which is also seen in the decreased nucleophilicity of the conjugated amino olefin-carbonyl system. 

The formation of 3-acylpyridinium compounds (59/) from primary amines and l-methoxybutene-3-one can be regarded as the enamine alkylation of a vinylogous amide followed by cyclization and loss of methanol and water. 

The formation of vinylogous amides from primary amines and -dicarbonyl compounds gives rise to hydrolyzable amine derivatives with greatly decreased nucleophilicity of the nitrogen function. Thus these derivatives have found some use as protecting groups in peptide syntheses 617-619). 

In context with the formation of peraminosubstituted 1,4,5,8-tetraazaful-valenes of type 85 it must be mentioned that the bis-vinylogous compounds 94 can be easily prepared by reaction of acetamidine with bisimidoylchlo-rides derived from oxalic acid (96S1302). In the course of a complex reaction a cyclic ketene aminal was produced it immediately underwent an oxidative dimerization to yield deeply colored TAFs. Tlieir high chemical stability can be compared with that of indigoid dyes and manifests itself, for example, by the fact that they are soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid without decomposition. Tire same type of fulvalene is also available by cy-... 

If vinylogous imidazole-A-carboxylates (route A) are treated with nucleophiles such as alkoxides or amines, the corresponding vinylogous carbonic esters or amides are obtained. While reaction of the vinylogous imidazole-TV-carboxylate with a thiol (route A) yields the addition product only, that of the corresponding imidazolium compound (route B) leads to the carbonic thioester in a substitution reaction [3]... 

Open-chain systems containing conjugated N and C basic centres are found in enamines [150] (sometimes called vinylogous amines) and the isoelectronic hydrazones [151]. 

Chen and co-workers utilized the chiral bifunctional catalysts to directly access vinylogous carbon-carbon bonds via the asymmetric Michael addition of a,a-dicy-ano-olefms to nitro-olefms [102]. The scope of the reaction was explored with a variety of substituted a,a-dicyano-olefins and P-substituted nitro-olefms (Scheme 50). The authors propose the catalysf s tertiary amine functionality depro-tonates the cyano-olefm, activating the nucleophile to add to the -face of the pre-coordinated nitro-olefm. 

The 2-substituted l,3-thiazin-6-thiones 33 and 34 and 160 and 161 are accessible by reacting 3,3-dichloroprop-2-ene iminium salts (vinylogous Viehe salts) with thiobenzamide or WA -disubstituted thioureas (Scheme 11) <1997S573>. The ring closure occurs with loss of amine as the hydrochloride salt and the thiones are generated after a reaction with another thioamide molecule. 

An alternative method for cleaving carbamates is exhaustive reduction with LiAlFLt to yield methylamines (Entry 3, Table 3.22). Entry 9 in Table 3.22 is an example of the nucleophilic cleavage of a carbamate with sodium methoxide. The mild reaction conditions required in the case are attributable to the structure of the amine (a vinylogous amide) these conditions are unlikely to lead to the cleavage of simple A-alkyl- or A, A-dialkylcarbamates, although A-arylcarbamates are also susceptible to nucleophilic cleavage (Entry 6, Table 3.26). 

Complementary reactive centers are needed in the chain synthones in the a- and co-positions. In particular, derivatives of formic acid are used to prepare monomethine dyes for dyes with longer chromophores, the application of vinylogous aminals or CO-methylpolyenals are preferred. In the most famous reactions, the orthoformate was originally proposed (2), and vinylogous amidines that can be regarded as dianils of conjugated dialdehydes are widely used. A general reaction is shown in equation 7 (3), where X = OR, SR, halide, or NIT and Y = O, S, NR, or N + R2 ... 

Various peptide Michael acceptors have been described as a new class of inactivators for cysteine proteases. 5-7 The carbonyl group of the scissile peptide bond in the substrate is replaced by a nucleophile trapping moiety such as a vinylogous structure. An amino acid vinyl sulfone, l-(methylsulfonyl)-4-phenylbut-l-en-3-amine [H2NCH(Bzl)CH=CHS02Me] and a dipeptide derivative, Gly-HNCH(Bzl)CH=CHS02Me have both been prepared as inhibitors of cysteine proteases, leucine aminopeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase I, respectively.1 5 A series of peptide vinyl sulfones has been synthesized as potent inhibitors for different cysteine proteases. 1A8 ... 

Aminoenone (87), when heated with phosphoryl chloride, cyclizes to 2-(trif uoro-methyl)quinoline, rather than the expected 4-isomer.126 A series of crossover experiments using different perfluoroalkyl and aniline moieties suggest an amine exchange process. A 1,3-diaminoallyl cation (88), i.e. a vinylogous formidinimn salt, is proposed to act as turntable in the process. 

Chromophoric derivatives for the optically transparent amino group, such as dimedone derivatives 103-106, were prepared for assigning the absolute configuration of primary and secondary amines. The vinylogous planar amide chromophore (280-290 nm ji — n ... 

---