Amine oxides description

Bonding natnre in hypervalent phosphorus compounds has been of widespread interest in the last years, especially in phosphine and amine oxides [1-11]. In addition, the P-O bond has been of particular interest and it has been discussed in a general review [12]. However, there are still several points of controversy in the P-O bond description. Experimental results [12,13] show that the phosphoryl bond is strong, short and polar. For years, the theoretical description of the P-O bonding was connected to the involvement of virtual d orbitals in the phosphorus atom. Nevertheless, recently evidence against this involvement appeared [2,14-26], as reviewed by Gilheany [13], leading to the exclusion of dorbital participation. 

Description. Amine oxides are produced by the oxidation of tertiary amines using a 35% hydrogen peroxide solution as the oxidizing agent. In current amine oxides, the surfactant precursor is generally a C12—alkyl dimethyl amine. 

Description of Sample The sample of spectrum 16-A was obtained as a low-boiling liquid by-product, IV (11% yield), of the pyrolysis of methyl w-propyl isoamyl amine oxide (I). Other products from the pyrolysis were propylene (II) and isoamylene (III). Molecular weight data obtained on the unknown gave a value of 70, which among other things indicated that the sample was unlikely to contain nitrogen. 

The versatility of permanganate as an oxidant has been greatly enhanced in the past decade by the observation that it can be solubilized in nonaqueous solvents with the aid of phase transfer agents (1). The literature contains descriptions for the use of this procedure for the oxidation of alkenes (2-13), alkynes (13-18), aldehydes (19), alcohols (20), phenols (21,22), ethers (23), sulfides (24,25), and amines (20,26). The dehydrogenation of triazolines has also been achieved by the use of permanganate and a phase transfer agent (27). ... 

This book does not follow a chronological sequence but rather builds up in a hierarchy of complexity. Some basic principles of 51V NMR spectroscopy are discussed this is followed by a description of the self-condensation reactions of vanadate itself. The reactions with simple monodentate ligands are then described, and this proceeds to more complicated systems such as diols, -hydroxy acids, amino acids, peptides, and so on. Aspects of this sequence are later revisited but with interest now directed toward the influence of ligand electronic properties on coordination and reactivity. The influences of ligands, particularly those of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl amine, on heteroligand reactivity are compared and contrasted. There is a brief discussion of the vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases and model systems. There is also some discussion of vanadium in the environment and of some technological applications. Because vanadium pollution is inextricably linked to vanadium(V) chemistry, some discussion of vanadium as a pollutant is provided. This book provides only a very brief discussion of vanadium oxidation states other than V(V) and also does not discuss vanadium redox activity, except in a peripheral manner where required. It does, however, briefly cover the catalytic reactions of peroxovanadates and haloperoxidases model compounds. 

Description Ammonia solution, recycled amines and ethylene oxide are fed continuously to a reaction system (1) that operates under mild conditions and simultaneously produces MEA, DEA and TEA. Product ratios can be varied to maximize MEA, DEA or TEA production. The correct selection of the NH3/EO ratio and recycling of amines produces the desired product mix. The reactor products are sent to a separation system where ammonia (2) and water are separated and recycled to the reaction system. Vacuum distillation (4,5,6,7) is used to produce pure MEA, DEA and TEA. A saleable heavies tar byproduct is also produced. Technical grade TEA (85 wt%) can also be produced if required. 

The definition of oxidized fish oil-like aromas still leave fresh fish aromas undefined. Various freshly harvested fish have distinguishing aromas, but they also are characterized by a common plant-like, seaweed-like aroma. Thus, compounds and reaction pathways different from random autoxidation appear likely and reasonable. Even conflicting descriptions of fishy odors, i.e., including roles for volatile amines (2 19) and sulfur compounds (20-22), can be accommodated by the hypothesis that previously unrecognized biochemical reactions yield characterizing fresh fish aromas. These premises led to investigations (23-26) which have resulted in the identification of a group of enzymically-derived volatile aroma compounds that contribute fresh, plant-like aromas to freshly harvested fish (Table I). 

H2, and amines (piperidine, aniline, or NEtg). In the presence of an amine and syngas (CO/H2 = 1 2), the trigonal bipyramidal complex 3 was formed, irrespective of whether 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) complex 1 or dicarbonyl complex 2 was used as a precursor (Scheme 5.91). Complex 3 is a typical hydroformylation precatalyst with detailed description of composition and geometric structure in the literature [27]. The square-planar complex 2 - its structure could be proven by X-ray structural analysis - reacts with H2 to produce the corresponding dihydride 6. Upon oxidative addition of H2 and in the absence of CO, the binu-clear rhodium complex 5 is formed. Under CO, the latter is in equilibrium with the neutral complex 3. Chemical calculations provided evidence that an amine assists in the deprotonation of 6 to produce 3 via an outer-sphere mechanism. 

Intramolecular Hydrosilation of Allyl and Homoallyl Alcohols. For a detailed description of the intramolecular hydro-silation-oxidation sequence, see 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane. 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisilazane and AA -diethylaminodimethyl-silane are frequently employed for preparation of hydrodimethyl-silyl ethers for the intramolecular hydrosilation of allyl and homoallyl alcohols. Chlorodimethylsilane in combination with a tertiary amine such as triethylamine is another useful reagent for the synthesis of hydrodimethylsilyl ethers, especially for large scale preparations. ... 

Description. These surfactants can be considered as cationic or nonionic, depending on the degree of ethoxylation and on the pH at which they are used. Polyethoxylated amines are formed by ethoxylation of primary or secondary fatty amines. Because the ethylene oxide reacts primarily with the amine group, there is small amount of residual free amine. With primary amines, the ethoxylation takes place initially on both hydrogens directly linked to the nitrogen and is pursued afterward on the terminal hydroxyl groups. Diamines or polyamines can be ethoxylated similarly, like straight amines, amidoamines can also be ethoxylated. 

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