Alzheimer’s disease severity

Abstract Alzheimer s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and is characterized by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synapse loss, and progressive neuronal deficits. There is an abundance of evidence suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer s disease. Several investigations have revealed the presence of oxidation products of proteins, lipids, and DNA in postmortem tissue from AD patients, indices that are indicative of increased oxidative stress. In the present review we discuss the role of protein oxidation in the brain of subjects with AD and MCI. 

Zagol-Ikapitte, I., Masterson, T.S., Amarnath, V., Montine, T.J., Andreasson, K.I., Boutaud, O., and Oates, J.A. Prostaglandin H(2)-derived adducts of proteins correlate with Alzheimer s disease severity. J Neurochem 94 (2005) 4 1140-1145. 

For the formal total synthesis of huperzine A (152), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and potential drug for Alzheimer s disease, several substrates with different substitution patterns... 

Interaction of vitamin D and its metaboUtes with sex hormones has been demonstrated, particularly ia birds ia which the egg-laying functions combine calcium needs and reproductive activity. The metaboUtes of vitamin D behave as hormones. As such, they play an active role ia the endocrine system, along with other hormones, to maintain the various body functions. Several biological influences of metaboUtes of vitamin D have been studied, including effects related to cancer (193—197), skin diseases (198—201), immunomodulatory effects (202,203), and Alzheimer s disease (204—206) (Fig. 9). 

Infusion devices have been used for diabetes, cancer chemotherapy, pain control (patient-controUed analgesia, ie, PGA), infection, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s, nausea, thalassemia, thromboembolism, and to treat severe spasms resulting from spiaal cord iajury (140—143). 

Corey-Bloom J, Anand R, Veach J, for the ENA 713 B352 Study Group (1998). A randomised trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild and moderately severe Alzheimer s disease. IntJGeriatrPsychopharmacolX, 55-65. 

Economic impact of Alzheimer s disease in the United Kingdom. Cost of care and disease severity for non-institutionalised patients with Alzheimer s disease. Br J Psychiatry 174, 51—5. 

The first report of the action of a chemokine on neurons was published in 1993. The study demonstrated that IL-8 could increase the survival of cultured neurons (Araujo and Cotman, 1993). However, as can be appreciated from its name, IL-8 was not known to be a chemokine at that time and was instead classed as an interleukin. Indeed, the expression of chemokine receptors by neurons was not generally appreciated until around 1997/1998 when several reports suggested this. These reports included observations of the expression of chemokine receptors by neuronal cell lines (Hesselgesser et al. 1997), primary cultures of neurons (Meucci et al. 1998 Ohtani et al. 1998), and in brain sections from HlV-1, Alzheimer s disease, and other patients (Horuk et al. 1997 Westmoreland et al. 1998 Xia et al. 1997). Furthermore, data were obtained, suggesting functions for chemokine signaling in the development of the nervous system (Zou et al. 1998) as well as in neuronal survival and communication (Giovannelli et al. 1998 Meucci et al. 1998). 

Histamine produces its pharmacological actions by three subtypes of receptors the postsynaptic Hi and H2 receptors and the presynaptic H3 receptor. The H3 receptor is mainly located in the central nervous system (CNS), where it acts as an inhibitory autoreceptor in the central histaminergic neuronal pathways [176]. A number of therapeutic applications have been proposed for selective H3 receptor antagonists, including several CNS disorders such as Alzheimer s disease. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Schizophrenia, or for enhancing memory or obesity control. 

Aluminium is the most abundant element of the lithosphere. Although a large number of persons are exposed world-wide to Al, the incidence of pulmonary effects is low (Schaller et al. 1994). In the 1970 s the effect of Al appearing in dialysis solutions on the central nervous system has become weU known. Increased Al could also be detected in several brain regions of patients with Alzheimer s disease. For the determination in biological materials the most widely used method is GF-AAS. 

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