Aluminium minerals

Most abundant group of materials, composed of silicates of aluminium with sodium, potassium, calcium, and rarely barium. Most economically important mineral. Used for ceramics, glass, abrasive wheels, cements, insulation and fertilizer. 

Woods contain from 0-2 to 4% of mineral ash. This consists largely of calcium, potassium and magnesium as carbonate, phosphate, silicate and sulphate. Aluminium, iron, sodium and chloride are also present. Sulphate contributes 1 to 10% by weight, usually 2 to 4%, and chloride 01 to 5%. 

The precipitate is soluble in free mineral acids (even as little as is liberated by reaction in neutral solution), in solutions containing more than 50 per cent of ethanol by volume, in hot water (0.6 mg per 100 mL), and in concentrated ammoniacal solutions of cobalt salts, but is insoluble in dilute ammonia solution, in solutions of ammonium salts, and in dilute acetic (ethanoic) acid-sodium acetate solutions. Large amounts of aqueous ammonia and of cobalt, zinc, or copper retard the precipitation extra reagent must be added, for these elements consume dimethylglyoxime to form various soluble compounds. Better results are obtained in the presence of cobalt, manganese, or zinc by adding sodium or ammonium acetate to precipitate the complex iron(III), aluminium, and chromium(III) must, however, be absent. 

Adsorption. The adsorption of the components of a vaccine on to a mineral adjuvant. The mineral adjuvants, or carriers, most often used are aluminium lydroxide, aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate and their effect is to increase the immunogenieity and decrease the toxicity, local and systemic, of a vaccine. Diphtheria vaccine, tetanus vaccine, diphtheria/tetanus vaccine and diphtheriaAetanus/pertussis vaccine are generally prepared as adsorbed vaccines. 

Phosphorous-based fire retardants carbonised the circuit boards surface, preventing fresh materialbecoming available for burning. Mineral fire retardants, such as aluminium hydroxide, dilute the flammable organic compounds in the bulk material, cool the material and release water on heating. 

Many standard reactions that are widely applied in the production of fine chemicals employ. strong mineral or Lewis acids, such as sulphuric acid and aluminium chloride, often in stoichiometric quantities. This generates waste streams containing large amounts of spent acid, which cannot easily be recovered and recycled. Replacement of these soluble mineral and Lewis acids by recyclable. solid acids, such as zeolites, acid clays, and related materials, would represent a major breakthrough, especially if they functioned in truly catalytic quantities. Consequently, the application of solid acids in fine chemicals synthesis is currently the focus of much attention (Downing et al., 1997). 

When mineral acids are present, aluminium phosphide rapidly converts into phosphine, which can combust or even detonate. When bases are present the phosphine release is slow. 

Fatty acids, their glycerides and other esters, including fats, waxes and oils such as mineral and vegetable oils fatty alkylamines and acylamides. Alkaline earth metal or aluminium salts of fatty acids tend to leave deposits on machinery [536]. 

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