Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium

Sugata, K. Ozutsumi, and S. Funahashi, Inorg. Chem., 1998, 37, 1886. 

van Koten, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1998, 269, 322. 

Carbon. Ion concentrations in the CO2-NH3-H2O system have been determined using NMR spectroscopy.  

Two-dimensional H exchange spectroscopy has been used to study the ligand exchange kinetics of [Sn2(p-OH)2Cl6(DMF)2] in 

III used A1 cutlery on state occasions. The dramatic thousand-fold drop in price which occurred before the end of the century (Table 7.1) was due first to the advent of cheap electric power following the development of the dynamo by W. von Siemens in the 1870s, and secondly to the independent development in 1886 of the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite (NasAIFj) by P. L. T. H roult in France and C. M. Hall in the USA both men were 22 years old at the time. World production rose quickly and in 1893 exceeded 1000 tonnes pa for the first time. 

Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 by means of the spectroscope de Boisbaudran was, in fact, guided at the time by an independent theory of his own and had been searching for the missing element for some years. The first indications came with the observation of two new violet lines in the spark spectrum of a sample deposited on zinc, and within a month he had isolated 1 g of the metal starting from several hundred kilograms of crude zinc blende ore. The 

As expected, the study of electron-deficient boron compounds continues unabated and a variety of structures have been reported, including borane anions and metal complexes of these and of the carbaboranes. 

Two structures which do not fall into the boron cage category have already been discussed in other chapters. These are lithium tetramethylborate, in which the lithium and boron atoms are connected by methyl bridges, and beryllium borohydride, in which the beryllium and boron atoms are joined by hydrogen bridges. 

All other electron-deficient compounds involve cage structures of various sizes. 

The structure of the [BaoHja] anion has been defined, in its [Et3NH]+ salt, in spite of the disorder present. The anion contains two cages 

The structure of BioHu has been restudied using low-temperature X-my and neutron diffraction data. By the use of combined difference syntheses, the distribution of bonding electrons has been determined. Electrons in the terminal B-H and bridging B-H-B bonds were very distinct. Towards the end of the refinement process, the framework electrons were also found. These are smeared out over the whole framework but some distinct centres 

Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium.—The phosphorescence spectra of the acetylacetonates of Mg, Al, Ga, and In in EPA at 77 have been recorded.478 

Lebreton, J. Ferran, A. Chatalic, D. Iacoqca, and L. Marsigny,/. Chim.phys., 1974,71,587. 

The chemistry of the chalcogenolate compounds of these elements is dominated for the seek of molecular precursors for the deposition of 13/16 chalcogenide semiconductors by MOCVD or related techniques.159 

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Grjotheim, K., Krohn, C., Malinovsky, M., Matiaskovsky, K., and Thonstad, J., Aluminium Electrolysis—Fundamentals of the Hall-Herault process, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1982, 17. Palmear, I. J., in The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium, Downs, A. J., Ed., Blackie, London, 1993, 87. 

Neumuller, B. Organometal fluorides of aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1997, 158, 69-101. 

Maher, J. P. Aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium. Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. A 2002, 98, 45-62. 

A. McKillop, J. D. Smith, and 1. J. Worrall, Organometallic Compounds of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium. Chapman Hall, London, 1985. 

Refs. [i] Grjotheim K, Krohn C, Malinovsky M, Matiaskovsky K, Thon-stad J (1982) Aluminum electrolysis - Fundamentals of the Hall-Herault process. CRC Press, Boca Raton [ii] Rao DB (1979) NASA SP-428 257-288 [Hi] Palmear IJ (1993) In Downs AJ (ed) The chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. Kluwer Academic, London... 

Palmear, I.J., The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium, Downs, A.J., Ed., Blackie, London, 1993, 85. 

J. P. Maher Group III Boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium, pp. 40-103 (269). 

AS7. A. N. Nesmeyanov and R. A. Sokolik, The Organic Compounds of Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium. North-Holland Publ., Amsterdam, 1967. 628 pp. For Russian edition, see A26.1. 

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