Alternative fuels costs associated with

The use and effective costs of various energy alternatives are shown in Table 2. Use or internal costs include production, transportation, and distribution. Effective costs take into account the use costs estimated external costs, which include costs associated with damage to the environment caused by utili2ation of various fossil fuels and fuel utili2ation efficiencies, ie, the efficiency of converting fuels into mechanical, electrical, or thermal energy. The effective costs are expressed as /GJ of fossil fuel equivalent (15). The overall equation for the effective cost is... 

Lastly, cost is a crucial issue in the commercialization of fuel cells, particularly as performance and lifetimes have improved to the threshold of practicability. The major costs associated with these systems are materials-related, with separator and catalyst materials at the top of the list. It is envisioned that the cost of separator materials will decrease with increased production and competition and as alternative materials are perfected. However, the cost of conventional noble metal catalysts, particularly platinum, is expected only to increase with increased production and demand. Therefore, the cost issue could perhaps be addressed by employing alternative catalysts, including biocatalysts. Enzymes are de-... 

S.6.2.2 Costs Associated with Sustainable Alternative Fuels... 

Nuclear power is the only alternative to fossil fuels that is currently competitive on a cost per kilowatt-hour basis. In addition, nuclear power has the potential to minimize many of the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels, including greenhouse gas emissions, emissions of other pollutants, and potential supply problems. 

Today the internal combustion engine reigns supreme Virtually all road transport, sea transport and aviation are dependent upon it. Only in the field of railways is there a viable alternative (electric traction) and even there electrification is by no means complete because of capital cost considerations. The overwhelming predominance of the internal combustion engine (including gas turbine in aviation) is associated with a total dependence on petroleum-derived fuels for our transport requirements. 

---