Altemariol methyl ether

Scheme 11.3 Synthesis of altemariol and altemariol 9-methyl ether by Podlech et al. Reagents and conditions a) K2CO3, cat. Pd(PPh3)4, DMF, 100°C, 4 h, 78% b) NaH2P04 NaC102,2-methyl-...

Delgado, T. and Gomez, C.C. 1998. Natural occurrence of altemariol and altemariol methyl ether in Spanish apple juice concentrates. J. Chromatogr. A 815, 93-97. 

Toumas, V.H. and Stack, M.E. 2001. Production of alternariol and altemariol methyl ether by Alternaria alternata grown on fruits at various temperatures. J. Food Prot. 64, 528-532. 

Griffin GF, Chu FS (1983) Toxicity of ths Alternaria Metabolites Altemariol, Altemariol Methyl Ether, Altenuene, and Tenuazonic Acid in the Chicken Embryo Assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 46 1420... 

Davis V M and Stack M E (1994), Evaluation of altemariol and alterariol methyl ether for mutagenic activity in Salmonella thyphimurium , App. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3901-3902. 

Six Altemaria mycotoxins (altenuene, altemariol and its methyl ether, altertoxin-I and -II) were extracted from foodstuffs and analyzed [318], Excellent peak shape and good resolution resulted when a C]g column (photodiode array detector, A = 210-450 nm) and a 20-min 50/50 -> 85/15 methanol/water (H3PO4 to pH 3) gradient were used. Detection limits varied from 0.2-l0ppm (analyte dependent). 

Alternaria mycotoxins can be divided into three groups based on their structure. The first group are derivatives of dibenzopyrone, which include altemariol, 3,7,9-trihydroxy-l-methyl-6if-dibenzo[h,d]pyran-6-one (12-121), isolated in 1953 as the first altemaria toxin, altemariol monomethyl ether, 3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-l-methyl-6//-dibenzo[h,d]pyran-6-one (12-122) and altenuene, 2a,3a,4aP-tetrahydro-2,3,7-trihydroxy-9-methoxy-4a-methyl-6//-dibenzo[h,d]pyran-6-one (12-123). The second group includes derivatives of perylene represented by altertoxin I,... 

Information on the occurrence of alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed is relatively limited. For example altemariol, its methyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, apple juice concentrates, mandarins, ohves, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils (olive oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil). The maximum levels reported in foods are... 

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