Alkynes insertion into

P-H oxidative addition followed by alkyne insertion into a Pd-P bond gives the re-gio-isomeric alkenyl hydrides 15 and 16. Protonolysis with diaUcyl phosphite regenerates hydride 17 and gives alkenylphosphonate products 18 and 19. Insertion of alkene 18 into the Pd-H bond of 17 followed by reductive eUmination gives the bis-products, but alkene 19 does not react, presumably for steric reasons. P-Hydride elimination from 16 was invoked to explain formation of trace product 20. 

NMR monitoring of the reaction of the palladium complex with 1-octyne suggested that the alkyne inserts into the Pd-H bond. Further heating produced a mixture of the two regioisomeric alkenylphosphine oxides, the anti-Markovnikov adduct being the favored product (54 46, 65% yield). 

In their resonance forms, the complexes are considered as acetylenic 7t-complexes (+2 oxidation state) or as metallacyclopropenes (+4 oxidation state), which lead to coupling reactions of the alkyne (insertion into the metallacyclopropene) or to a substitution of the alkyne by the substrate. 

Proposed steps during the silylborylation of alkynes are the oxidative addition of silylborane to a low-valent metal species, alkyne insertion into the M-B (or possibly M-Si) bond, and Si-C reductive elimination. These processes are supported by the results of the reactions summarized in Equation (8). 317... 

Generally phenol formation is the major reaction path however, relatively minor modifications to the structure of the carbene complex, the alkyne, or the reaction conditions can dramatically alter the outcome of the reaction [7]. Depending on reaction conditions and starting reactants roughly a dozen different products have been so far isolated, in addition to phenol derivatives [7-12], In particular, there is an important difference between the products of alkyne insertion into amino or alkoxycarbene complexes. The electron richer aminocarbene complexes give indanones 8 as the major product due to failure to incorporate a carbon monoxide ligand from the metal, while the latter tend to favor phenol products 7 (see Figure 2). 

Recently, Shibita et al. reported catalysis of alkyne insertion into an arylamide sp C-H bond to give allylamides (42) by a cationic iridium complex [118]. An interesting aspect of this work is the unusually selective cleavage of an sp C-H bond over sp aromatic C-H bonds so that the alkenyl arylamide (43) is only a very minor product (30). The carbonyl group is required for the reaction as no coupling... 

Alkynes insert into the silacyclobutane 168 to form the silacyclohexene 169[93], Also, the silacyclopropene 170 is expanded to the silacyclopentadiene 171 by the insertion of an alkyne[94]. The insertion product 173 was obtained by the Pd-catalyzed reaction of the neopentylidenesilirane 172 with acety-lene[95]. 

Another interesting feature is the synthesis of benzo- and naphthoquinones succeeding via the reductive elimination from metallacycloheptadienediones. The latter are formed by an alkyne insertion into metallacyclopentenediones.8... 

The C = C bond of several alkynes inserted into the Zr-C bond of the rj2-thioaldehyde zirconocene complexes 81 (see Scheme 21) to form the five-membered thiazirconacycles 144. The imine metallacycle obtained from 81 and butyronitrile tautomerized under the reaction conditions to cleanly give the enamine metallacycle 145 (Scheme 38).70... 

Enantiopure alkynyl(alkoxy)carbene (37) complexes were produced by formal alkyne insertion into Fisher carbene complexes 39 Reaction of (37) with 1-azadiene gave functionalized 1,4-dihydropyridine (38) with high enantiomeric excess. 

Alkyne insertion into the Pd complexes 492 derived from 2-iodobenzyl sulfides provides a regiospecific route to mixtures of 1/7-2-benzothiopyrans and 1/7-2-benzothiopyranium fluoroborate salts. Thus, unsymmetrically substituted phenylalkynes afford the 3-phenyl derivatives (Scheme 180) <1995JOC1005>. 

Finally, the a,/ -unsaturated carbene complex may be generated in situ by alkyne insertion into a chromium-carbene bond of a saturated chromium carbene leading to a chromium vinyl carbene (equivalent to intermediate (f )-D in the mechanism of the benzannulation reaction, see Section 8.2.1, Scheme 3), which may undergo subsequent benzannulation with a second equivalent of the alkyne [43a]. This strategy was subsequently applied to the synthesis of (Z)-enediynes and related compounds [43b], and to that of substituted benzofurans (see also Section 8.5) [43c, 43d]. 

Apart from the construction of phenanthrenes, carbene complexes have also been used for the synthesis of more extended polycyclic arenes. An unusual dimerization of chromium coordinated ortbo-ethynyl aryl carbenes results in the formation of chrysenes (Scheme 37) [81]. This unusual reaction course is presumably due to the rigid C2 bridge that links the carbene and alkyne moieties, and thus prevents a subsequent intramolecular alkyne insertion into the metal-carbene bond. Instead, a double intermolecular alkyne insertion favored by the weak chromium-alkyne bond is believed to occur forming a central ten-membered ring that may then rearrange to the fused arene system. For example, under typical benzannulation conditions, carbene complex 97 affords an equimolar mixture of chrysene 98a and its monochromium complex 98b. The peri-interactions between the former alkyne substituent (in the 5- and 11-positions) and the aryl hydrogen induce helicity in the chrysene skeleton. 

The isolation of these closely related thiolate complexes hints at an important role for 172-vinyl ligands in reactions which lead to net ligand substitution at metal. The SR bridge between Cp and W may resemble a snapshot along a reaction path for alkyne insertion into a M—L bond or for transfer of L from an T 2-vinyl to metal (97). A mechanism for alkyne polymerization based on rj2-vinyl intermediates has also been constructed (186). 

Rawal and Thadani [160] have taken advantage of alkynes as excellent insertion partners in Pd(II)-catalyzed allylations. Interestingly, the Pd(II) species present in the medium after alkyne insertion into allyl chlorides or bromides can serve for a sequential Wacker-Tsuji oxidation upon introduction of CuCl, oxygen, and water to the reaction medium to give y-halo /-fy-cnones 220 in good yields (Scheme 91). If phenylacetylene is used as an alkyne l-phenyl-pent-2-ene-l,4-dione can be isolated in 77% yield as the result of a subsequent oxidative hydration of the y-halo P,y-enone 220. 

Alkynes insert into M—H and M—C bonds, typically to give c/s-addition products,... 

Also, ( -Cp)2NbH(RC=CR ) reacts with CO to give ( / -Cp)2Nb(CO)[C(R)=CHR ], alkyne insertion into the Nb—H bond being induced by CO without its insertion. Metalation of the diphenyl(o-vinylphenyl)phosphine ligand in a Ru complex leads to exchange with CO without alteration of the oxidation state ... 

Vinyl sulfides have been prepared by the catalytic addition of the S—H bond of thiols (85) to terminal alkynes (86) under solvent-free conditions using the nickel complex Ni(acac)2 (47). High alkyne conversions (up to 99%) were achieved after 30 min at 40 °C in favor of the corresponding Markovnikov products (87) (equation 23). Other metal acetylacetonate complexes were examined for this reaction, but none showed any improvement over the nickel catalyst. Mechanistic details suggest that alkyne insertion into the Ni—S bond is important to the catalytic cycle and that nanosized structural units comprised of [Ni(SAr)2] represent the active form of the catalyst. Isothiocyanates and vinyl sulfides have been produced in related Rh(acac)(H2C=CH2)2 (6) and VO(acac)2 (35) catalyzed sulfenylation reactions of aryl cyanides and aryl acetylenes, respectively. 

Contrary to the previous pathway of P-H addition to alkyne - that is, via alkyne insertion into the M-P bonds - this reaction has been shown to proceed via the nucleophilic attack of the phosphine to a ruthenium-vinylidene intermediate to yield the anti-Markovnikov product with a predominant (Z -stereoisomer (Scheme 8.36). Indeed, it has been shown that [Cp RuL2] X intermediate gives vinylidene species with propargyl alcohols. The (Z)-isomer is formed as the major product, but iso-merizes easily into the ( )-isomer upon isolation by chromatography over silica gel. 

C(OMe)C6H4-o-C=CPh (CO)j leads directly to the formation of a chrysene derivative via the formal dimerization of the carbene ligand. A plausible explanation for the formation of the final product involves a doubly alkyne-bridged dinuclear complex, alkyne insertions into metal-carbene bonds, and coupling of the carbene carbons. 

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