Alkaline manganese. primary shelf life

Increases in the energy density of primary hatteries has tapered off during the past decade as the existing battery systems have matured and the development of new higher energy batteries is limited by the lack of new and/or untried battery materials and chemistries. Nevertheless, advances have been made in other important performance characteristics, such as power density, shelf life and safety. Examples of these recent developments are the high power zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide batteries for portable consumer electronics, the improvement of the zinc/air battery and the introduction of new lithium batteries. 

The shelf life of fresh, unused (charged) rechargeable alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries is about the same as that of the primary batteries (20 to 25% loss after 3 to 4 years when stored at room temperature). The data for capacity losses after high-temperature storage are shown in Fig. 36.14. 

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