Alkali formation

Nitro compound Alkali Formation of very sensitive substance... 

Wiener, H., Zaidman, B. and Sasson, Y. (1989) Storage of energy by solutions of alkali formate salts. Solar Energy,... 

Certain aliphatic aldehydes which have no hydrogen atoms on the a-carbon atom undergo cleavage under the influence of alkali. The conversion of a trihaloacetaldehyde to the haloform and the alkali formate is the best-known example. Triphenylacetaldehyde undergoes a similar cleavage, yielding triphenylmethane and the alkali formate.38 Aldehydes in which the a-carbon atom is part of an ethylenic or acetylenic system do not give the normal Cannizzaro reaction their behavior is discussed on p. 102. 

Other methods consist in reducing aqueous solutions of osmium tetroxide with an alkali formate,2 when the metal is precipitated as a blue powder by decomposing acidulated solutions of the tetroxide with zinc or with mercury,4 in which latter case the resulting amalgam is distilled. 

From the solution alkalies and ammonia precipitate the hydrated dioxide, whilst excess of ammonia yields osmium diammine hydroxide. Ferrous sulphate and alkali formates reduce the salt, liberating metallic osmium. 

Iridium tetrachloride is readily reduced to the trichloride. Its aqueous solution, on dilution, yields hypoehlorous acid and the trichloride. On boiling, a precipitate of oxychloride is obtained. Addition of excess of alkali precipitates part of the iridium as dioxide, the remainder staying in solution as sesquioxide, being precipitated only upon neutralisation of the alkali. Addition of alcohol to the alkaline solution precipitates metallic iridium, aldehydes and alkali formates being simultaneously produced. Reducing agents, such as stannous chloride, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulphide, ferrous sulphate, etc, convert the tetrachloride into trichloride. 

Goldschmidt process. Formation of sodium formate by absorption of carbon monoxide in caustic soda at increased pressures and temperatures around 200C. At temperatures above 400C, alkali formate liberates hydrogen and yields alkali oxalate. 

Umbellamine possesses a phenolic hydroxy-group (bathochromic shift of the long wavelength u.v. maximum from 295 to 309 nm in alkali formation of an 0-acetyl derivative and a methyl ether (236) with diazomethane in dimethyl formamide-ether), which must be in the unknown component. This half of umbellamine (235) appears from i.r. and n.m.r. evidence, and the formation of only an 0-acetyl derivative, to be an N-methylindoline. 

When 3-chloro-2,4-pentanedione is treated with an alkali formate, the for-myloxy group does not appear at the site of the chlorine atom but at the... 

In both cases the CN radical is converted into the carboxyl group. When the alkali formates are heated away from air at about 400° a good yield of an oxalate is obtained... 

Chloral hydrate is easily decomposed by alkali into chloroform and alkali formate. This reaction is used stoichiometrically to determine chloral hydrate purity by measuring the amount of an excess of IN sodium hydroxide consumed in the reaction (titration with IN sulfuric acid to phenolphthalein)15,99,127,T28,152 to l66. Alternatively, the formate generated in the reaction may be determined by reaction with an excess of iodine (O.IN), followed by back titration w ith... 

Electrolytic effects are related to DC, applied or rectified by nonlinear effects at the electrodes or in the tissue. Also with very low-frequency AC (e.g., <10 Hz), each half period may last so long as to cause considerable nonreversible electrolytic effects. With large quantities of electricity (Q = It) passed, the electrolytic effects may be systemic and dangerous (lightning and high-voltage accidents). The risk of skin chemical bums is greater under the cathode (alkali formation) than the anode (acid formation), the natural skin pH is on the acidic side (pH < 5.5). 

Victor Merz (Odessa, 12 December 1839-Ziirich, 25 May 1904) was associate professor (1869) and professor (1871) in the university of Zurich. He worked first on inorganic chemistry. He synthesised ketones from acid chlorides and hydrocarbons, sodium formate from carbon monoxide, and oxalic acid by heating alkali formates. He prepared aromatic carboxylic acids by distilling sulphonates with potassium cyanide and hydrolysing the nitriles produced, discovered a- and j8-naphthoic acids, and prepared j8-naphthyl-amine from j8-naphthol by the action of ammonia and zinc chloride. ... 

In MALDI, quasi-molecular ions ([M+alkali]+ formation) can be formed by attachment of alkali ions, if alkali-metal salts are present in the sample [58, 59], Cations generally do not need to be added to the sample ubiquitous alkaU-metal impurities are sufficient to give strong alkali-cationized signals. It is reported that for polysaccharides, alkalization occurred much more frequently than protonation. Imaging of MALDI samples shows that the positions of analyte molecules and alkali atoms are highly correlated. In some eases, cationization takes place unfavorably, also in MALDI [46],... 

The following characteristic instance may be cited. Solutions that contain alkali or alkaline-earth nitrates or nitrites leave alkali formates unchanged when they are dissolved together and even when heated to the boiling point. In contrast, a mixture of the solid compounds leaves only the carbonates when heated to about 500 C. This product results from the reaction of the nitrate (nitrite) with the hydrogen and carbon monoxide yielded by the pyrolytic decomposition of the heated alkali formate. A similar conversion occurs when a mixture of solid nitrate (nitrite) and alkali oxalate is heated. In the latter case, the CO produced from the oxalate reduces the nitrate (nitrite) and converts it into carbonate. See also the test for sulfur-bearing compounds discussed in Section 10. 

Alkali easily decomposes chloral into chloroform and alkali formate and the method of estimation of the purity of the compound is by the use of this reaction. 

Leonesi D, Berchiesi G, Cingolani A (1975) Electric conductivity in molten binaries of alkali formates and acetates. J Chem Eng Data 20 31-32... 

---