Alkali bee

There are fewer reports in the literature on the impact of pyrethroids on non-Apis species, although one review is available that focuses on species in North America [77], Tasei gives examples of studies conducted on Nomia melanderi (alkali bee),... 

Stephen, W.P. (1960). Artificial bee beds for propagation of the Alkali bee, Nomia melanderi. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 1025-1030. 

Torchio, P.F. (1973). Relative toxicity of insecticides, to the honey bee, alkali bee and alfalfa leafcutting bee (Hymenoptera Apidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae). I. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 46, 446-453. 

Johansen, C. and Eves, J. (1967). Toxicity of Insecticides to the Alkali Bee and the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee. Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, Circular 475. 

Moradeshaghi, M.J., Brindley, W.A. and Youssef, N.N. (1974). Chlorcyclizine and SKF 525A effects on parathion toxicity and midgut tissue structure in alkali bees, Nomia melanderi. Environ. Entomol. 3, 455-463. 

The importance of bees in pollination is well known. It may be possible to manipulate wild bees by their sociochemicals to increase pollination. For example, exocrine products from the alfalfa-pollinating alkali bee, Nomia melanderi, may be used to induce increased nesting at artificial sites near alfalfa fields. 

Fig. 2. Structures for the solid (a) fee Cco, (b) fee MCco, (c) fee M2C60 (d) fee MsCeo, (e) hypothetical bee Ceo, (0 bet M4C60, and two structures for MeCeo (g) bee MeCeo for (M= K, Rb, Cs), and (h) fee MeCeo which is appropriate for M = Na, using the notation of Ref [42]. The notation fee, bee, and bet refer, respectively, to face centered cubic, body centered cubic, and body centered tetragonal structures. The large spheres denote Ceo molecules and the small spheres denote alkali metal ions. For fee M3C60, which has four Ceo molecules per cubic unit cell, the M atoms can either be on octahedral or tetrahedral symmetry sites. Undoped solid Ceo also exhibits the fee crystal structure, but in this case all tetrahedral and octahedral sites are unoccupied. For (g) bcc MeCeo all the M atoms are on distorted tetrahedral sites. For (f) bet M4Ceo, the dopant is also found on distorted tetrahedral sites. For (c) pertaining to small alkali metal ions such as Na, only the tetrahedral sites are occupied. For (h) we see that four Na ions can occupy an octahedral site of this fee lattice.

The Group 1 elements are soft, low-melting metals which crystallize with bee lattices. All are silvery-white except caesium which is golden yellow "- in fact, caesium is one of only three metallic elements which are intensely coloured, the other two being copper and gold (see also pp. 112, 1177, 1232). Lithium is harder than sodium but softer than lead. Atomic properties are summarized in Table 4.1 and general physical properties are in Table 4.2. Further physical properties of the alkali metals, together with a review of the chemical properties and industrial applications of the metals in the molten state are in ref. 11. 

The blue solution is characterized by (I) its color, which is independent of the metal involved (2) its density, which is very similar to that of pure ammonia (3) its conductivity, which is in the range of electrolytes dissolved in ammonia and (4) its paramagnetism, indicating unpaired electrons, and its electron paramagnetic resonance g-factor. which is very close to that of the bee electron. This has been interpreted as iixiicating that in dilute solution, alkali metals dissociate to form alkali metal cations and solvated electrons ... 

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