Aliphatic hydrocarbons carbon tetrachloride

Aliphatic hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride Modified PVC (Solvaflex )... 

Non-solvent alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether ... 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, diisopropyl ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, propylene carbonate, toluene, W Acetonitrile, DMF, furfiirol, methanol, nitrobenzene. nitromethane, propylene carbonate... 

Not all solvent systems behave similarly, and usually low quality correlations result with solvents such as hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. This was attributed to the extensive desolvation of water upon partitioning into these solvents. Long chain aliphatic alcohols have the tendency to dissolve... 

Thirteen different hydrocarbons, including aliphatics, aromatics, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and other halogenated aliphatics, have been shown to cause glomerulonephritis (an inflammation of the kidney that can lead to loss of kidney function and hypertension) in laboratory animals and humans (see and references contained therein). 

Fluoroelastomers provide excellent resistance to oils, fuels, lubricants, most mineral acids, many aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, xylene) that act as solvents for other rubbers, gasoline, naphtha, chlorinated solvents, and pesticides. Special formulation can be produced to obtain resistance to hot mineral acids, steam, and hot water. 

Harsted, B. S. Thomsen, E. S. Excess enthalpies from flow microcalorimetry. 3. Excess enthalpies for binary mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene and carbon disulphide J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1975,7, 369-376... 

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is insoluble in alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, carbon tetrachloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons and castor oil. It is swollen or dissolved by such agents as aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons and tetrahydrofuran. 

Although these issues have already been briefly noted, they deserve a few additional comments. For freely water-soluble substrates that have low volatility, there are few difficulties in carrying out the appropriate experiments described above. There is, however, increasing interest in xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and highly chlorinated compounds including, for example, PCBs, which have only low water solubility. In addition, attention has been focused on volatile chlorinated aliphatic compounds such as the chloroethenes, dichloromethane, and carbon tetrachloride. All of these substrates present experimental difficulties of greater or lesser severity. 

Compounds with high dielectric constants such as water, ethanol and acetonitrile, tend to heat readily. Less polar substances like aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons or compounds with no net dipole moment (e. g. carbon dioxide, dioxane, and carbon tetrachloride) and highly ordered crystalline materials, are poorly absorbing. 

Concawe [8] have described a method for the determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil based on carbon tetrachloride extraction followed by infrared spectroscopy or gas chromatography. 

Once a hazardous substance has been identified, it may be feasible, if suitable from a production viewpoint, to consider exchanging that substance for another less hazardous. This approach is often advantageous in dealing with solvents. Indeed, in some instances where materials are water soluble, simple detergent and water can be both a useful and less costly replacement. As another example, carbon tetrachloride, still in use in some places, can be replaced with methyl or ethyl chloroform or some other aliphatic hydrocarbon, as long as you remember that these too are... 

The measurement technique was the crux of a paper by Acha et al.27 discussing the process of the dechlorination of aliphatic hydrocarbons. An ATR-FTIR sensor was developed to monitor parts per million (ppm) of trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and carbon tetrachloride (CT) in the aqueous effluent of a fixed-bed dechlorinating bioreactor. It was found that the best extracting polymer was polyisobutylene (PIB) as a 5.8 pm film. This afforded detection limits of 2, 3, and 2.5 mg/1 for TCE, PCE, and CT, respectively. The construction and operation of the measurement system are detailed in the paper. 

According to the vendor, this technology is capable of removing chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatics, benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, dichloromethane, and trichloroethane. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile inorganic solvents can also be removed. The technology is currently in use and is commercially available. 

The solubility of sulfur dichloride in water is not meaningful because it reacts rapidly. It is slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and very soluble in benzene and carbon tetrachloride. The heat of formation is —22 kJ/mol (—5.3 kcal/mol) for the gas at 25°C (138). 

The product is obtained as deep purple-violet crystals and, when solid, is air stable for days. It is well soluble in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, and moderately soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons it reacts with acetonitrile. IR spectrum (hexane solution) vco 2074 (vs), 2060 (s), 2024 (vs), 2008 (s), 1988(w)cm 1. (Compare with that reported in Ref. 5). HNMR spectrum (CDC13) <5 — 11.73 (s). Mass spectrum Parent ion at 852 m/e, competitive loss of H and CO groups. A full discussion is given in Ref. 5. 

Although the concentration of fluorine is the most important quantity in the control of the reaction rate and must be maintained within certain limits, in practice the stoichiometry, the molecular fluorine to substrate H-atom molar ratio, is used to determine the reaction parameters leading to a successful and efficient perfluorination. AF is most successful when sublimable solids are introduced into the hydrocarbon evaporator unit of the aerosol fluorinator as solutions by a syringe pump. This now common procedure emphasizes the individual molecule s isolation as it is fluorinated using AF. No intermolecular reactions between solute and solvent have been observed Choice of the solvent is important as it must not boil at a temperature below the melting point of the solute in order to prevent solid deposition in the tubes feeding the evaporator. It must also fluorinate to a material easily separable from the solid reactant after perfluorination. In most cases it has been found that aliphatic hydrochlorocarbons are excellent choices, but that carbon tetrachloride and chloroform and other radical-scavenging solvents are not (sec ref 6). 

The substance is examined in a dilute solution in a solvent. A wide choice of solvents, transparent to ultraviolet radiation, is available. The paraffin hydrocarbons are all suitable, as are the aliphatic alcohols and the chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The most useful solvents are n-hexane, cyclohexane, chloro-... 

In the production of carbon tetrachloride, chlorination is carried out in excess chlorine. The lower-boiling, partially chlorinated products then enter into a series of reactors where they react with added chlorine to achieve almost full chlorination of methane. In another process called chlorinolysis, higher aliphatic hydrocarbons undergo exhaustive chlorination at pyrolytic temperature (>600°C).177 182 183 Under such conditions carbon-carbon bond fission and simultaneous chlorination occur. Aliphatic hydrocarbon wastes are the preferred feedstock, as they react with about 20% excess chlorine. 

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