Polysaccharides from algae

M Nagaoka, H Shibata, I Kimura-Takagi, S Hashimoto, R Aiyama, S Ueyama, T Yokokura. Anti-ulcer effects and biological activities of polysaccharides from marine algae. Biofactors 12 264—274, 2000. 

A. I. Usov, M. A. Rechter, and N. K. Kochetkov, Polysaccharides of algae. 3. Isolation and preliminary investigation of a. -polysaccharide from Tichocarpus crinitus (Gmel.) Rupr., Zh. Obsch. Khim., 39 (1969) 905-911. 

Among the plant polysaccharides there may be mentioned the hemi-celluloses the most common of these contain 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid as branch units linked to a /3-D-xylan backbone.110 The commercially important gum arabic, a soluble polysaccharide produced by Acacia trees and widely used in foods and pharmaceuticals, also contains glucuronic units.111 D-Glucuronic acid has been found in sulfated complex polysaccharides from brown algae.112... 

B. Larsen, A. Haug, and T. J. Painter, Sulphated polysaccharides in brown algae. I. Isolation and preliminary characterization of three sulphated polysaccharides from Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Acta. Chem. Scand., 20 (1966) 219-230. 

Polysaccharides from plants, too, can form gels in water. Pectin is used to help gel jams and fruit preserves. Some polysaccharides are used to thicken foods. Alginic acid, extracted from brown algae, is a linear polymer containing many carboxylic acid groups. The sodium salt is soluble in water and is used as a thickener in the preparation of ice cream and other foods. If a sodium alginate solution is mixed with calcium ion, the polysaccharide pre-... 

A. I. Usov and E. G. Kozlova, Polysaccharides of algae. 20. Studies on odonthalan, a sulfated polysaccharide from the red alga Odonthalia corymbifera (Gmel.) J.Ag., Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 1 (1975) 693-699 (English translation from Bioorg. Khim., 1 (1975) 912-918). 

J. R. Nunn, H. Parolis, and I. Russell, Sulphated polysaccharides of the Solieriaceae family. Part II. The acidic components of the polysaccharide from the red alga Anatheca dentata, Carbohydr. Res., 29 (1973) 281-289. 

A. Chiovitti, M.-L. Liao, G. T. Kraft, S. L. A. Munro, D. J. Craik, and A. Bacic, Cell wall polysaccharides from Australian red algae of the family Solieriaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) Highly methylated carrageenans from the genus Rhabdonia, Bot. Mar., 39 (1996) 47-59. 

N. K. Kochetkov, A. I. Usov, and L. I. Miroshnikova, Polysaccharides of algae. 4. Fractionation and methanolysis of a sulfated polysaccharide from Laingia pacifica Yamada, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 40 (1970) 2469-2473 (in Russian). 

J. R. Turvey and E. L. Williams, The agar-type polysaccharide from the red alga Ceramium rubrum, Carbohydr. Res., 49 (1976) 419 125. 

I. J. Miller and R. H. Fumeaux, The stmctural determination of the agaroid polysaccharides from four New Zealand algae in the order Ceramiales by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, Bot. Mar., 40 (1997) 333-339. 

A. O. Barabanova, A. S. Shashkov, V. P. Glazunov, V. V. Isakov, T. B. Nebylovskaya, W. Helbert, T. F. Solov eva, and I. M. Yermak, Structure and properties of carrageenan-like polysaccharide from the red alga Tichocarpus crinitus (Gmel.) Rupr. (Rhodophyta, Tichocarpaceae), J. Appl. Phycol., 20 (2008) 1013-1020. 

M. Shanmugam and K. H. Mody, Heparinoid-active sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae as potential blood anticoagulant agents, Curr. Sci., 79 (2000) 1672-1683. 

N. Griinewald and S. Alban, Optimized and standardized isolation and structural characterization of anti-inflammatory sulfated polysaccharides from the red alga Delesseria sanguinea (Hudson) Lamouroux (Ceramiales, Delesseriaceae), Biomacromolecules, 10 (2009) 2998-3008. 

J. Heaney-Kieras, L. Roden, and D. J. Chapman, The covalent linkage of protein to carbohydrate in the extracellular protein polysaccharide from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum, Biochem. J., 165 (1977) 1-9. 

Boisson-Vidal C, Haroun F, Ellouali M, et al. Biological activities of polysaccharides from marine algae. Drugs Future 1995 20(Dec) 1247-1249. 

Pyrolysis of polysaccharides from algae was performed using both Py-MS and Py-GC/MS techniques (e.g. [2, 3, 64]). Py-MS studies [2] showed it was possible to obtain structural information on the primary and secondary structure of the polysaccharide from specific ions in its spectrum. Particularly El spectra at 14 eV ionization energy were used for compound differentiation. Four examples of such spectra are shown below in Figure 7.8.1. 

FI mass spectra were proven informative in algal polysaccharide analysis [2]. Characteristic Py-Fi mass spectra were reported for agarose, aiginic acid, laminaran, etc. Also, Py-GC/MS studies were done on algal polysaccharides [64a,64b]. The identification of pyrolysis products for several polysaccharides from red algae showed, as expected, compounds commonly obtained during polysaccharide pyrolysis. A list of several compounds found in these pyrolysates is shown in Table 7.8.2. 

Table 7.8.2. Common pyrolysis products in some polysaccharides from red algae (Rhodophyta).

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