Algae Chara

Filamentous algae (Chara sp., Enteromorpha sp.) 50-100 Lethal in 30 days in outdoor ponds decay was responsible for depression of dissolved oxygen and later fish deaths 2... 

Mapping the Symplast of the Giant-Celled Alga Chara... 

Anthoni U, Nielsen PH, Smith-Hansen L, Wium-Andersen S, Christophersen C (1987) Charamin, a quaternary ammonium ion antibiotic from the green alga Chara globularis. J Org Chem 52 694-695... 

Starch granules from different plants including algae Chara coralline (Mizutani et al. 2000), flowering plant Lantana camara (Cox et al. 2005), corn (Chu et al. 2001), potato, rice, and tapioca can be considered as nonlinear optical materials. 

The movement of glycosides and most of their hydrolytic products across the plasmalemma into the cell generally occurs by means of carriers associated with the plasmalemma. Without such carriers,- the plasmalemma is effectively impermeable to sugars25 but some molecules, such as methanol,250 may enter cells by simple diffusion, as described for the stoneworts (algae) Chara australis and Nitella translu-cens.26... 

White and coworkers used trans Addition of bromine and (-)-l-bomeol to 3,4-dihydro-2//-pyran to afford the stereoisomeric bomyl bromotetrahydropyranyl ethers (3) and (4 Scheme 44) which are employed in an enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-monic acid C (Scheme 5).10 A simple synthesis of 4-methylthio-l,2-dithiolane, the photosynthesis inhibitor of the green alga Chara globularis (Scheme 45),83 exploits the observation that allylic sulfides undergo rearrangement on addition of bromine.84 Block and Naganathan employed the trans addition of bromine to 4-thioacetoxycyclopentene as a key... 

Data obtained on K+ for the large internodal cells of the green freshwater alga Chara corallina are convenient for illustrating the use of the Nernst equation (Vorobiev, 1967). The K+ activity in the medium bathing the cells, (where the element symbol K as a subscript is the conventional notation for K+), is 0.096 mol m-3, and a r in the central vacuole is 48 mol m-3. By Equation 3.6b (with a factor of 58.2 because the measurement was made at 20°C), the Nernst potential for K+ is... 

Derivatives of 1,2,3-frithiane as well as 1,2-dithiolane are known for their biological activity. Two naturally occurring frithiane derivatives are shown in Table 6. 5-Methylthio-l,2,3-trithiane has been isolated by gas-phase isopentane extraction from the green alga Chara globulares and identified by GC/MS, H-MR and UV spectra. Its synthesis is straightforward. The second natural frithiane... 

Moriyasu, Y., and Malek, L. (2004). Purification and characterization of the 20S proteasome from the alga Chara corallina (Charophyceae). J. Phycol. 40, 333—340. 

Grolig F, Just I, Aktories K (1996) ADP-ribosylation of actin from the green alga Chara corollino by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin. In Protoplasma in press... 

Scheme 1. Structures of synthetic 3-azetidinol [1] and the antibiotic charamin [2] from the freshwater green alga Chara globularis.

From our own work studies of synthetic 3-azetidinol [1], part of the structure of the antibacterial agent charamin (4-azoniaspiro[3,3]heptane-2,6-diol, 2) from the green characean alga Chara globularis (1), serve to illustrate the kind of data and instrumentation available in modem investigations. The crystal and molecular struc-... 

Scheme 20. Structures of nereistoxin (4-dimethylamino-l,2-dithiolane) from a marine worm and of charatoxin I (ChTx 1,4-methylthio-l,2-dithiolane) and charatoxin II (ChTx II, 5-methylthio-l,2,3-trithiane) from the freshwater green alga Chara globularis.

Figure 2. Internode cell enlargement in the alga Chara. The two photographs are of the same Chara plant. The bottom photograph was recorded 10 days after the top photograph. Magnification = lOX.

Table 5 Effect of zeolite-5A addition to aquarium of algae Chara Gymnophylla...

If free aluminum from zeolite in running water or in the ocean is not harmful, there is a question about its accumulation in coastal river water or in lakes. Toxicity of zeolite-5A up to 0.5% is presented in Table 5, with very sensitive eco-indicator algae Chara gymnophylla. 

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