Alcohols ethylene glycol

Polyhydric alcohols are compounds containing two or more hydroxyl groups in the molecule. The two most important are ethylene glycol HOCHjCHjOH (a dihydric alcohol) and glycerol HOCHjCH(OH)CH. OH (a trihydric alcohol). Ethylene glycol may be obtained by the hydrolysis of ethylene dibromide or ethylene dichloride with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solution ... 

Aliy alcohol tert-Butyi alcohol Benzyl alcohol Phenethyi alcohol Ethylene glycol 1,2-Propylene glycol Glycerol Pentaerythritoi Pinacoi Phenol... 

The most important derivatives of the carboxyl group are formed by esterification with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols. Typical alcohols used iaclude methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol. These rosia esters have a wide range of softening poiats and compatibiUties. 

Nicotinamide is a colorless, crystalline solid. It is very soluble in water (1 g is soluble in 1 mL of water) and in 95% ethanol (1 g is soluble in 1.5 mL of solvent). The compound is soluble in butanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, acetone, and chloroform, but is only slightly soluble in ether or benzene. Physical properties are Hsted in Table 1. 

Medium Boiling Esters. Esterificatioa of ethyl and propyl alcohols, ethylene glycol, and glycerol with various acids, eg, chloro- or bromoacetic, or pymvic, by the use of a third component such as bensene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, or carbon tetrachloride to remove the water produced is quite common. Bensene has been used as a co-solvent ia the preparatioa of methyl pymvate from pymvic acid (101). The preparatioa of ethyl lactate is described as an example of the general procedure (102). A mixture of 1 mol 80% lactic acid and 2.3 mol 95% ethyl alcohol is added to a volume of benzene equal to half that of the alcohol (ca 43 mL), and the resulting mixture is refluxed for several hours. When distilled, the overhead condensate separates iato layers. The lower layer is extracted to recover the benzene and alcohol, and the water is discarded. The upper layer is returned to the column for reflux. After all the water is removed from the reaction mixture, the excess of alcohol and benzene is removed by distillation, and the ester is fractionated to isolate the pure ester. 

Higher alcohols have more than three carbon atoms. Examples are the dihydric alcohol, ethylene glycol used for antifreeze, brake fluids and as derivatives in resins, paints " " osives, and polyester fibers. Reactions with propylene make propylene glycol, a moistening ag foods and tobacco. 

Allyl alcohol fert-Butyl alcohol Ethylene glycol... 

Butyl alcohol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and dibutyl phthalate... 

Clark and Vermeulen (C8) measured gas holdup in three different liquids —isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and water. They measured the increase in holdup with agitation as compared to no agitation, and correlated their results as a function of the volumetric gas velocity, Weber number, P/P0, and a geometric factor. Typical volumetric gas holdup values reported in the literature vary from about 2% to 40% of the total dispersion volume (Cl, C2, C8, F2, G10). 

When dealing with esters of water-soluble, non steam-volatile, poly-hydric alcohols ethylene glycol or glycerol), the distillate consists of water only (density 1 00). The water-soluble, non-volatile alcohol may be isolated by evaporation of the alkaline solution to a thick S3n up on a water bath and extraction of the polyhydric alcohol from the salt with cold ethyl alcohol. 

SAQ 4. 12 The simple aldehyde ethanal (VII) reacts with the di-alcohol ethylene glycol (VIII) to form a cyclic acetal (IX) ... 

Under the designation P.B.15 4, the Colour Index lists (3-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue types which are stabilized towards flocculation. These products show largely the same coloristic and fastness properties as P.B.15 3 types, but often exhibit much better rheology. As with stabilized a-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue types, stabilization through surface treatment has proven to decrease the solvent fastness of 3-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue, sometimes considerably so, making the pigment more sensitive to aromatics, alcohols, ethylene glycol, and ketones. 

If the additional substance stays in the residue, the process is called extractive distillation of aqueous solutions. The separations of various alcohols, ethylene glycol, acetic acid, acetone, and nitric acid from water is an example in which extractive distillation has been used or proposed. References (108) and (126) describe processes. 

By the way, when there is more than one hydroxyl group per molecule, it is still an alcohol. Ethylene glycol... 

Property Water Methyl Alcohol Ethylene Glycol... 

Dimethyl-l-pentanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerol... 

Medium Boiling Esters. Esterification of ethyl and propyl alcohols, ethylene glycol, and glycerol with various acids, e.g.. chloro- or bromoaceiic. or pyruvic, by the use of a third component such as benzene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, or carbon tetrachloride to remove the water produced is quite common. 

GLYCOL. A dihydric alcohol (i.e.. a compound conlaining two alcoholic hydroxy] groups). The chemical properties are represented by those of the simplest members of the class, ethylene glycol, 1,2-ethanediol. CH-OH CHjOH. which is a colorless, viscous liquid, of sweetish taste. Odorless, boiling point I97°C. miscible in all proportions with water or alcohol, slightly soluble in ether. Like ethyl alcohol, ethylene glycol is often called by the class name. 

The study was further extended to investigate the effect of a range of dihydric alcohols (ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol). The addition of the dihydric alcohol improved the smoothness and color of the deposits and also increased the cathodic current efficiency at high current density. Of the four dihydric alcohols, ethylene glycol gave the best results. 

When the fiber is dried, no differentiation between successive layers of secondary wall fibers can be distinguished. However, when fibers are swelled and viewed at higher magnifications in cross section, lacey, layered patterns become apparent [275]. Figure 5.39 illustrates layering that occurs when fibers wet with water or other liquids such as lower alcohols, ethylene glycol, or glycerin are embedded by polymerization of methyl and butyl methacrylates. 

Sodium (23 g) was dissolved in 400 ml methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, dimethyl ether and (9.3 g), 50 ml dimethyl carbonate added, and 300 ml methyl alcohol collected during distillation. Thereafter, copper cyanide (915 g) and 2,3,6-tribromo-4-methylphenol (34.4 g) dissolved in 100 ml ethylene glycol and dimethyl ether were added over 3 hours at 80 °C. The mixture was stirred 5 hours, 800 ml water added, cooled to 50 °C, and 100 ml methyl sulfate added. The mixture was stirred 2 hours at ambient temperature, concentrated, 250 ml NH4OH added, and the product extracted with methyl chloride. The organic phase was washed with dilute HCl, water, dried, concentrated, and 20 g product isolated, bp = 100°C at 0.1 mmHg. 

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