Sea-air gas exchange

Ho DT, Zappa CJ, McGillis W, Bliven LF, Ward B, Dacey JWH, Schlosser P, Hendricks MB (2004) Influence of rain on air-sea gas exchange Lessons from a model ocean. J Geophysical Research... 

Hinckley, D.A. (1989) Vapor Pressures, Henry s Law Constants and Air-Sea Gas Exchange of Selected Organochlorine Pollutants. Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Carolina. 

Frost T, Upstill-Goddard RC. 1999. Air-sea gas exchange into the millennium Progress and uncertainties. Oceanography and Marine Biology 37 1-45. 

Liss, P. S., and L. Merlivat, Eds., Air-Sea Gas Exchange Rates Introduction and Sythesis, The Role of Air-sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1986. 

Fig. 8. The relationship between annual total system net production during the day and consumption during the dark in the MERL mesocosms during two years in which they were receiving different levels of inorganic nutrient (N, P, Si) input. Estimates are based on dawn-dusk changes in dissolved oxygen and have been corrected for air-sea gas exchange. The solid line represents a P/R ratio of 1 with no net organic accumulation in, or export from, the tanks. The broken line represents a net accumulation and/or export of 100 g C m-2 y-1 assuming a PQ of 1. Data from C. Oviatt. A description of the mesocosms and the enrichment experiment is given in Nixon et al. (198 ).

Smith S.D. and Jones E.P.(1985) Evidence for wind-pumping of the air-sea gas exchange based on direct measurements of CO2 fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 869-875. 

Uher G, Schebeske G, Barlow RG, Cummings DG, Mantoura RFC, Rapsomanikis SR, Andreae MO (2000) Distribution and air-sea gas exchange of dimethyl sulphide at the European western continental margin. Mar Chem 69 277-300 UNESCO (1994) Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Core Measurements, Scientific committee on Oceanic Research Manual and Guides 29 170... 

Fundamental physical processes such as gas diffusivities in seawater and air-sea gas exchange as well as details of measurement techniques for dissolved gases in seawater are not discussed in the context of this chapter. 

Figure 2.5 Isotopic depletion/enrichment for nitrogen and oxygen in N2O relative to the substrates NOj and NH4, and the product N2. Negative values depict isotopic depletion in N2O and positive values depict isotopic enrichment in N2O. Data for oxygen depletion/enrichment in N2O are given in italics. Biological data were taken from Barford et al. (1999), Casciotti et al. (2003), Sutka et al. (2003), (2004), Toyoda et al. (2005) and Yoshida (1988). Air—sea gas exchange data are from Inoue and Mook (1994).

The relatively slow air-sea gas exchange diminishes the seasonality effect on the atmosphere. 

This chapter is split into two main sections. The first deals with air-sea gas exchange mechanisms and measurements, the second with the processes of production and consumption that control the distributions of gases and includes estimates of... 

Despite the central role that air-sea gas exchange plays in studies of marine productivity, biogeochemical cycles, atmospheric chemistry, and climate, it has proved extremely difficult to measure air-sea gas fluxes in situ. Only in 2001 were believable direct measurements of oceanic CO2 fluxes reported in the literature (McGillis et al., 2001a). In this section we examine the various models that have been proposed to understand the basic processes that control gas exchange mechanisms, describe results from laboratory experiments, and discuss the various techniques that have been developed to try to measure gas transfer rates in situ. Finally, we describe the development of wind speed (U) based para-metrizations and assess their impact on computation of air-sea gas fluxes. 

Figure 2 The two-film model of air-sea gas exchange (reproduced by permission of Nature Publishing Group fmmNature, 1974, 247, 181-184).

Bubbles have long been thought to play an important role in air-sea gas exchange. The main mechanism behind bubble formation is the entrainment of air in breaking waves. There are at least three ways in which bubble formation may enhance air-sea gas transfer rates above those predicted by the gas transfer theories already... 

Liss P. S. and Merlivat L. (1986) Air—sea gas exchange rates introduction and synthesis. In The Role of Air-Sea Gas Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (ed. P. Buat-Menard). Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 113—127. 

Watson A. J., Upstill-Goddard R. C., and Liss P. S. (1991) Air sea gas exchange in rough and stormy seas measured by a dual tracer technique. Nature 349, 145-147. 

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