Air receivers

FIG. 26-5 Process drawing and fault tree for explosion of an air receiver. (From Lees, 1980, pp. 200, 201, hy permission.)... 

One company experienced 25 fires or explosions in air-compressor discharge pipework within 35 years. In one of the worst, the fire heated the air going forward into an air receiver, which was lined with bitumen to prevent corrosion. On heating, the bitumen gave off flammable vapors, which exploded, toppling the receiver and demolishing part of a building. 

The discussion below will focus briefly on the design of the graphic displays in order to illustrate the methodology used. The aim of the furnace operation (see Figure 7.15) is to achieve a specified output temperature of the crude oil. This is done by means of a master temperature controller which regulates the pressures of the fuels used. An air/fuel ratio controller regulates the flow of the combustion air, receiving as input the flow rates of the fuels... 

Figure 15.29 The layout of a typical diesel generator engine room. 1 Diesel generator set 2 jacket water header tank 3 lubricating oil service tank 4 air receiver 5 diesel-driven compressor 6 batteries and charger 7 engine control panel 8 pneumatic control panel 9 fuel oil control panel 10 engine exhaust silencer 11 charge air filter 12 daily service fuel oil tank 13 three-section radiator...

The interior of the pipelines through which the discharge air passes to the aftercooler or air receiver should be cleaned regularly so that a build-up of combustible oily carbon deposits is avoided. All the piping should slope downwards in the direction of airflow to a suitable drain point at the lowest point of the pipeline. 

The pressurized air goes to an air receiver for storage and then is processed for use by passing through filters, dryers and, in some cases, lubricators. This pressurized air is normally classified as instrument air when it is used in control systems. This air must be moisture and oil free to prevent the control devices from clogging up. 

Air receiver - The receiver stores the pressurized air. By law, it must have the following fitting installed on it ... 

Condensation occurs in all compressors, and the effects are most prominent where cooling takes place - in intercoolers and air-receivers, which therefore have to be drained at frequent intervals. Normally the amount of moisture present in a compression chamber is not sufficient to affect lubrication, but relatively large quantities can have a serious effect on the lubrication of a compressor. Very wet conditions are likely to occur when the atmosphere is excessively humid, compression pressures are high, or the compressor is being overcooled. 

Corrosion allowance 0.35 in. for known corrosive conditions, 0.15 in. for non-corrosive streams, and 0.06 in. for steam drums and air receivers. 

You will need to ensure that all plant and equpment (eg lift trucks, vehicles, gas appliances, machinery guarding, ladders, electrical equipment, lifting equipment, air receivers, ventilation plant) that requires maintenance (eg pre-shift checks, servicing, thorough examinations) is identified and that the maintenance is done. 

An explosion is the sudden, catastrophic, release of energy, causing a pressure wave (blast wave). An explosion can occur without fire, such as the failure through over-pressure of a steam boiler or an air receiver. 

Actuating mechanisms include control panels, air receivers, valve actuators, instrumentation controls or tubing, etc. 

REGULATION NEMA CLASS f [AUTOMATIC START / STOP CONTROL STARTING AIR RECEIVER BY PURCHASER I I ENG MFR. NO. RECEIVER I IHORIZ. 1 1 VERT. RECOVER CAPACITY FT PRESSURE PSIr ... 

That which Water presents to us visibly is volatile its interior is fixed. The Air tempers its humidity. That which the Air receives from Fire, it communicates to Water, which in turn communicates it to the Earth. 

Compressors - instrument air, receiver, dryer, and main header. 

Determine the air volume of the system. This volume includes the air receiver and the piping. A measuring tape should be sufficient to determine the dimensions of the air receiver. Piping volume need only be estimated. 

By 2001 PS10 project is mature. It is composed by a 981 heliostats 90m2, and a volumetric wire mesh air receiver... 

A graph of discharge coefficient ( m) plotted against dimensionless lift L/D) is known as a flow characteristic. Fig. 9 shows an example of flow characteristics plotted for various pressure ratios relieving from an air receiver, where Pb is the total backpressure at the valve exit port and Pq the reservoir total pressure.According to ideal one-dimensional compressible flow theory, choked flow should occur at pressure ratios below 0.528. In practice, choked flow will occur at lower pressure ratios because of friction losses upstream of the curtain area. Nevertheless, the curves in Fig. 9 are close-together at pressure ratios below 0.333, and have collapsed to almost a single curve for ratios less than 0.25. Other work shows a similar effect. 

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