Air Entanglement

He introduced the sample of guncotton into a eudiometer filled with mercury and inverted in that liquid, and carried out the reaction and measured the gas volume in the same eudiometer. Since he was unable to separate the guncotton from the air entangled with it, the measured gas volume was too large. The true volume of nitric oxide was determined by admitting a solution of ferrous sulfate to the eudiometer and noting the volume of gas which was absorbed. 

In this study, we used a number of elastomeric threads to construct small-diameter grafts.i2 Twelve different woven structures were developed. The warp used was a 34 filament textured polyester yam of 111 dtex. Three different weft threads were used. One was a 311 dtex spandex core air entangled with a 78 dtex multifilament polyester, providing a total linear density of 506 dtex. The others were Aorlasten polyurethane monofilament yams of 467 and 311 dtex linear densities. Since the filling yarns had a range of compositions and linear densities, their resultant properties were quite different, as shown in Table 14.3. 

Filament. Eully drawn flat yams and partially oriented (POY) continuous filament yams are available in yam sizes ranging from about 3.3—33.0 tex (30—300 den) with individual filament linear densities of about 0.055 to 0.55 tex per filament (0.5—5 dpf). The fully drawn hard yams are used directly in fabric manufacturing operations, whereas POY yams are primarily used as feedstock for draw texturing. In the draw texturing process, fibers are drawn and bulked by heat-setting twisted yam or by entangling filaments with an air jet. Both textured and hard yams are used in apparel, sleepwear, outerwear, sportswear, draperies and curtains, and automotive upholstery. 

In Figure 9-5 the worker is ascending a caged ladder. Notice that the worker s air pack, airline or apparatus could become entangled with the ladder protection. The worker in Figure 9-6 who is using absorbent to soak up a mock spill has no encumbrances pictured near the work area. So, besides the proper level of protection, the type of work being performed and the work area can be important. 

Factors that tend to increase the severity of impingement attack are increase of water speed and particularly of local turbulence, pollution of the water, and, within certain limits, increase in the size and the amount of entangled air bubbles (see also Section 1.6). 

Aleltblown, Spunbond, and Spurted Fibers. A variety of directly formed nonwovens exhibiting excellent filtration characteristics are made by meltblown processes, producing very fine, submicrometer filaments. A stream of high velocity hot air is directed on the molten polymer filaments as they are extruded from a spinnerette. This air attenuates, entangles, and transports die fiber to a collection device. Because the fiber cannot be separated and wound for subsequent processing, a nonwoven web is directly formed. 

Fouling produces dirty and inefficient cooling systems, impeding the flow of cooling water. It involves the physical adherence to surfaces and mutual entanglement of insoluble salts, corrosion products, oils, fats, and other process contaminants, air-blown debris, and the like. Where... 

Under conditions where chain mobility is very low, such as at low temperatures, the loss of entanglements occurs by chain scission this is what happens for polystyrene air crazes. Of course, chain scission crazes (CSC) are MW-independent as soon as chains are long enough to be entangled (at too-low MWs, no craze can be formed, only cracks happen). 

---