Aha experiences

The final two excerpts (excerpts 4F and 4G) illustrate a few ways in which results from a chemical synthesis can be described. The Results sections of synthesis papers often include a hint of what was tried and failed as well as what ultimately succeeded. Reading these excerpts will give you a feel for the trial-and-error process of science and the aha experience that sometimes occurs when a successful approach is discovered. 

Another type of qualitative insight could be the result of regularly discussing unusual or unique near misses, i.e. new or unexpected combinations of circumstances might trigger an Aha experience with safety staff members and other employees. This means that their set. of "possible accident scenarios ... 

Gruber, Howard. "On the Relation between Aha Experiences and the Construction of Ideas." History of Science 19 (1981) 41-59. 

From the chemical point of view, the solvent in which the CL experiment is carried out can have a dramatic influence on the efficiency of the CL reaction as solvation can alter the shapes, the depths, and the densities of the vibrational states of the potential surfaces representing the ground states of products and reactants and the lowest excited singlet state of the potential fluorophore. The alteration of the intersections of these potential energy surfaces can affect the enthalpies of reaction and the enthalpies of activation for dark and lumigenic reactions. In some cases, these changes will favor CL (if AH decreases relative to AHa) and in some cases, they will make it thermodynamically unfavorable for CL to occur. 

The CD of (3-turns has been characterized1127 by using the peptides c(-L-Ala-L-Ala-Aha-) as a model for a type I turn and c(-L-Ala-D-Ala-Aha-) for a type II turn. The CD spectra for these two peptides are shown in Figure 5. The spectrum for the type I turn is of class C and that for the type II turn is of class B. The latter result is consistent with the calculations of Woody, 125 but the former result is not. Moreover, explicit calculations for the low-energy conformers1127 predicted a class B spectrum for type I and a class C spectrum for type II. However, using a classical dipole interaction model 128129 Sathyanarayanan and Applequist 130 obtained qualitative agreement with experiment for these two model systems. 

Because of the uncertainties involved in the decomposition, this procedure would not appear to be a practical way to determine the AHa value needed for Equation 8. It does, however, demonstrate three important points (1) it is the compliances of the mechanisms that are additive (2) T0 and AHa can be obtained from plots such as those shown in Figures 7 and 8 of shift data determined in either relaxation or creep experiments without decomposition of compliance master curves (3) Equation 8 describes time-temperature superposition in Kraton 102 adequately within the experimental accuracy. 

The reaction rate of AHA is large enough to use centrifugal contactors. Process experiments with real SNF in a series of centrifugal contactors have demonstrated a separation of highly pure U with a yield of >99.99% (126, 183-188). The UREX+ process also enables the effective separation of Tc (189). 

Considering the limitations of the experiment, the AHa, tt, and ASa values are independent of particle size over a range in which both the surface areas and Afia s of crystalline quartz samples varied by a factor of 2 (see Table I). 

This equation indicates that under isothermal conditions in instances where AHa < U0, w < y, and the polymer will experience ductile failure. Recognizing that the brittle stress concentration coefficient y is nearly constant (4), the requirements for brittle amorphous polymers, whose Affa > UQ and w > y, to fail in a ductile fashion are to minimize (AH — U0)/[Pg.130]

Patients with angioedema from an ACE inhibitor also can experience this with an ARB, but the exact incidence of cross-reactivity is not known. The ACC/AHA guidelines for... 

In the BONCAT method, the cellular system of interest (cultured cells, tissue slices, or live animals) is pulse-labeled with a non-canonical amino acid that carries a reactive side chain. In our initial experiments, we used azidohomoalanine (Aha) as the label because Aha-Iabeled proteins can be selectively tagged with dyes or affinity reagents through copper-catalyzed or strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions [34-36]. Tagged proteins can then be separated from other... 

---