Agitation equipment

Formation of Hposomal vesicles under controlled conditions of emulsification of Hpids with phosphoHpids has achieved prominence in the development of dmgs and cosmetics (42). Such vesicles are formed not only by phosphoHpids but also by certain nonionic emulsifying agents. Formation is further enhanced by use of specialized agitation equipment known as microfluidizers. The almost spontaneous formation of Hposomal vesicles arises from the self-assembly concepts of surfactant molecules (43). Vesicles of this type are unusual sustained-release disperse systems that have been widely promoted in the dmg and cosmetic industries. 

For scale-up procedure, refer to Figure 5-31, w hich outlines the steps involved in selecting commercial or industrial mechanical agitation equipment when based on test data. 

Cons. Emulsions can be formed by severe mixing which are hard to break up, pumping of one or both phases between tanks may be required, independent agitation equipment and large floor space needs are expensive, and high holdup of valuable or hazardous solvents exists particularly in the settlers. 

Consider the consequences of not following procedures, i.e., incorrect order of addition or stoichiometry, no agitation, equipment failure, loss of power, reverse flow, deficiency or excess of catalyst, etc. 

After the accident additional agitating equipment for mixing with compressed air was installed, as a stand-by for use in the event of a breakdown of the stirrer. 

No requirement for centrifugation and agitation equipment and, therefore, reduction in labor and maintenance costs. 

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