Advances in safety features

TABLE 1.5.1 Disasters and Their Effects on Safety Measures  

Type Location and Date Total Deaths Results 

Fire City of Chicago, Illinois October 9, 1871 250 Building codes proliibiting building structures water reserv e 

Tidiil wave Galveston, Texas September 8, 1900 6000 Sea wall built 

Fire Iroquois Tlieatre, Cliicago December 30, 1903 575 Stricter theater safety standards 

Today s sophisticated equipment and teclmologies require equally sophisticated means of accident prevention. Unfortunately, tlie existing metliods of detection and prevention are often assumed to be adequate until proven otlierwise. This approach to detennining a teclmology s effectiveness sometimes is costly and often leads to loss of life. Chemictd manufacturers and power plants are businesses, and tlius are not as likely to umiecessarily update tlieir present controls. Table 1.5.1 lists accidents, all of which liave resulted in substantial loss of life, and the clianges in safety-related practices tliey brought about. 

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Witli reference to Section 1.5 Advances in Safety Features , describe the difference between continuous containment/treatment systems and discontinuous ones. 

In view to increase in number of microwave synthesized organic reactions and advancement in technology most companies developing microwave instruments for commercial applications offer a variety of diverse reactor platform with different degrees of sophistication with respect to automation, database capabilities, safety features, temperatures and pressures monitoring and vessel design. 

The Advanced Pressurized Reactor AP-600 (Westinghouse) final design certification by NRC is expected for 1998. A larger unit of an advanced PWR, the System 80+, with 1300 MW(e) is being developed by ABB/Construction Eng. [86]. These designs with enhanced passive safety features are pursued in the USA to provide additional electricity and replace retired plants. 

SMART (System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor) is an advanced integral PWR(Pressurized Water Reactor) tihat produces 330MWt at fiill power. Major primary components are housed within a single pressure vessel. New, advanced and innovative features are incorporated in the design to provide the reactor with significant enhancements in safety, reliability, performance, and operability. Major design and safety characteristics of SMART can be summarized as follows ... 

As a final barrier against fission product release, a containment system is one of the important Engineered Safety Features (ESF) in a current nuclear power plant. It consists of a containment structure and several systems to maintain the integrity of contaminant during accident scenarios. This system is very expensive. Recently, along with the development of advanced nuclear power plant, especially for more innovative reactor designs, the concept of a containment is also getting development. For example, a vented confinement concept... 

AMATO S., ORAZI A. - "Advanced Safety Features in Conception of New Passive Reactors the Inherently Safe Immersed System (ISIS) Reactor" - IAEA Technical Committee Meeting on Thermohydraulic of Cooling Systems in Advanced Water cooled Reactors, Villigen, Switzerland, 25-28 May 1993. 

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