Advanced energy transfer systems

The steam reforming process is an important element in solving the problem of the huge amounts of associated gas produced jointly with oil production. The gas may be converted either into methanol or synthetic liquid hydrocarbons. Other applications include gases for direct reduction of iron ore, conversion of hydrocarbons for fiiel cells, and advanced energy transfer systems, in which nuclear heat or solar energy are absorbed by the endothermic steam reforming process. 

Yu, J., Corripio, A.B, Harrison, D.P, and Copeland, R.J. Analysis of the sorbent energy transfer system (SETS) for power generation and C02 capture. Advances in Environmental Research, 2003, 7, 335. 

Carbon reinforced products that require less energy to produce and that are ten times stronger than steel, lighter than aluminum, and that conduct more heat than copper can be increasingly used to reduce the weight of vehicles, improve the performance of appliances and tools and increase the efficiency of heat-transfer systems. Other forms of carbon will provide super semiconductors and advanced optics. 

This was attributed to the transfer of energy from cyclohexane to benzene, which was then able to dissipate its energy without significant chemical reaction. This now classic piece of work gave rise to the idea of sponge-type protection. Since this concept was first advanced, much attention has been paid to the cyclohexane-benzene system and it is now clear that processes other than energy transfer may be operative126. 

Abstract. Electronic energy transfer is reviewed with a particular emphasis on its role in photosynthesis. The article describes the advances in theory that have been motivated by studies of photosynthetic light harvesting antenna proteins. Noting that most theoretical work presently focuses on just a few photosynthetic systems, the extraordinary scope and diversity of systems actually found in nature is described. 

A state-of-the-art description of broadband ultrafast infrared pulse generation and multichannel CCD and IR focal plane detection methods has been given in this chapter. A few poignant examples of how these techniques can be used to extract molecular vibrational energy transfer rates, photochemical reaction and electron transfer mechanisms, and to control vibrational excitation in complex systems were also described. The author hopes that more advanced measurements of chemical, material, and biochemical systems will be made with higher time and spectral resolution using multichannel infrared detectors as they become available to the scientific research community. 

Active transport requires a specialized carrier molecule, a protein, and the expenditure of cellular energy transfer across membranes can therefore occur against a concentration gradient. The carrier system is selective for certain structural features of chemicals, namely their ionized state, whether anionic, cationic, or neutral. Recent advances in the understanding of active transport have led to the characterization of several families of carriers. Such carrier systems are saturable. In addition, molecules with similar structural features may compete for transport by a given carrier. 

Ameel, T.A. Papautsky, L Warrington, R.O. Wegeng, R.S. Drost, M.K. Miniaturization technologies for advanced energy conversion and transfer systems. J. Propulsion Power 2000, 16, 577-582. 

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