Adsorbate-covered surfaces, scanning tunneling microscopy

Winterlin J and Behm R J 1994 Adsorbate covered metal surfaces and reactions on metal surfaces Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy I ed R Wiesendanger and H-J Guntherodt (Berlin Springer) ch 4... 

The late 1980s saw the introduction into electrochemistry of a major new technique, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), which allows real-space (atomic) imaging of the structural and electronic properties of both bare and adsorbate-covered surfaces. The technique had originally been exploited at the gas/so id interface, but it was later realised that it could be employed in liquids. As a result, it has rapidly found application in electrochemistry. 

H.-J. Guntherodt and R. Wiesendanger (eds) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy I General Principles and Applications to Clean and Adsorbate-Covered Surfaces, Springer, Berlin, 1992. 

---