Adrenal gland extracts

Adenine, 423 Adenyl cyclase, 62 Adiphenine, 91 Adrenal gland extracts, 188 Adrenaline, see epinephrine a-Adrenergic blocking action, 242... 

Identification and determination of corticosteroids in adrenal gland extracts for pharmaceutical use. (166)... 

Figure 7. Chromatogram of adrenal gland extract conditions as in Figure 5.

It had been recognized early on (71) that there were similarities between the effects of administration adrenal gland extracts and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Elliot (72) suggested that adrenaline might be released by sympathetic nerve stimulation and over the years the term adrenergic nerves became effectively synonymous with sympathetic nerves. In 1910 Barger and Dale (73) reported a detailed structure-activity relationship study of epinephrine analogs and introduced the term sympathomimetic for chemicals that mimicked the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation, but they also noted some important differences between the effects of administered adrenaline and stimulation of sympathetic nerves. It was not until... 

Derivation From adrenal gland extract (usually from cattle) (historical method), syntheticahy from bile acids, from other steroids or sapogenins. 

The original commercial source of E was extraction from bovine adrenal glands (5). This was replaced by a synthetic route for E and NE (Eig. 1) similar to the original pubHshed route of synthesis (6). Eriedel-Crafts acylation of catechol [120-80-9] with chloroacetyl chloride yields chloroacetocatechol [99-40-1]. Displacement of the chlorine by methylamine yields the methylamine derivative, adrenalone [99-45-6] which on catalytic reduction yields (+)-epinephrine [329-65-7]. Substitution of ammonia for methylamine in the sequence yields the amino derivative noradrenalone [499-61-6] which on reduction yields (+)-norepinephrine [138-65-8]. The racemic compounds were resolved with (+)-tartaric acid to give the physiologically active (—)-enantiomers. The commercial synthesis of E and related compounds has been reviewed (27). The synthetic route for L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine [59-92-7] (l-DOPA) has been described (28). 

It was known as early as 1927 that the adrenal glands of mammalian species secrete a series of substances essential to the survival of the individual. The hormonal nature of these secretions was suggested by the observation that extracts of the adrenal gland and more specifically of the outer portion of that organ (cortex) would ensure survival of animals whose adrenals had been excised. By 1943 no fewer than 28 steroids had been isolated from adrenal cortical extracts. These compounds were found to be involved in the regulation of such diverse and basic processes as electrolyte balance, carbohydrate metabolism, and resistance to trauma, to name only a few. 

HDL may be taken up in the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis, but at least some of the cholesterol in HDL is delivered to other tissues by a novel mechanism. HDL can bind to plasma membrane receptor proteins called SR-BI in hepatic and steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenal gland. These receptors mediate not endocytosis but a partial and selective transfer of cholesterol and other lipids in HDL into the cell. Depleted HDL then dissociates to recirculate in the bloodstream and extract more lipids from chylomicron and VLDL remnants. Depleted HDL can also pick up cholesterol stored in extrahepatic tissues and carry it to the liver, in reverse cholesterol transport pathways (Fig. 21-40). In one reverse transport path, interaction of nascent HDL with SR-BI receptors in cholesterol-rich cells triggers passive movement of cholesterol from the cell surface into HDL, which then carries it back to the liver. In a second pathway, apoA-I in depleted HDL in-... 

Epinephrine, a hormone having a benzenoid structure, C. H-. <), N, also called adrenaline. It can be obtained by extraction from the adrenal glands... 

Derivation Isolation from extracts of adrenal glands, synthesis from other steroids. 

To prepare the hormone, the adrenal glands are extracted with acetone, after which the acetone is removed by distillation in vacuo at 35° to 40° C. The remaining aqueous concentrate, after being filtered and adjusted to pW 7.0 with sodium hydroxide, is shaken with activated carbon to adsorb the hormone. To get rid of impurities incidentally adsorbed on the carbon, it is washed successively with dilute alkali, hydrochloric acid, and alcohol. The alkali removes products of phenolic decomposition the acid elutes epinephrine and the alcohol dissolves certain lipoidal impurities. 

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