ADP-ribosylating factors

ARF, ADP-ribosylation factor EFTU, eukaryotic elongation factor. 

Cholera toxin catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of a specific arginine residue in G and Gat. This covalent modification inhibits the intrinsic GTPase activity of these a subunits and thereby freezes them in their activated, or free, state (Fig. 19-1C). By this mechanism, cholera toxin stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity and photoreceptor transduction mechanisms. The ability of cholera toxin to ADP-ribosylate G may require the presence of a distinct protein, ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF). ARF, which is itself a small G protein (Table 19-2), also is ADP-ribosylated by cholera toxin. ARF is implicated in controlling membrane vesicle trafficking (see Ch. 9). 

ARF ARFdike small GTPases ARF, ADP-ribosylation factor E(MFP) 5(5) 10(10) 1HUR... 

Mishima, K, et al., ARD 1, a 64-kDa guanine nudeotide-binding protein with a carboxyl-terminal ADP-ribosylation factor domain. J Bid Chem, 1993, 268(12), 8801-7. 

Vitale, N., J. Moss, and M. Vaughan, Interaction of the GTP-binding and GTPase-activating domains of ARDl involves the effector region of the ADP-ribosylation factor domain. J Biol Chem, 1997, 272(7), 3897-904. 

ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) 536 in adenylate system 302 - 304 complexes with metal ions 296 dissociation as acid 288 intracellular concentration 304 P-31 NMR spectrum 642 pka value of 293 in regulation 535 ADP-ribose (ADPR) 315, 778, 780 ADP-ribosylation 545, 778 ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) 559 Adrenaline (epinephrine) 534, 542, 553, 553s in adrenergic receptor 535 a-Adrenergic receptors 553, 558, 563 p-Adrenergic receptors 553, 554 in asthma 553 in heart failure 553 receptor kinase 553 structure (proposed) 534, 555 topology 555... 

A somewhat similar zinc site is seen in one of the ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are members of the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins. Sequences of ARF-GAP domains show no recognizable similarity to those of... 

ARF Family The ADP-ribosylation family of GTPases. The ADP-ribosylation factor of small... 

Liu Y, Loijens JC, Martin KH, Karginov AV, Parsons JT. The association of AS API, an ADP ribosylation factor-GTPase activating protein, with focal adhesion kinase contributes to the process of focal adhesion assembly. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2002 13 2147-2156. 

Cholera toxin and the very similar (in structure and mechanism of action) heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli (LT-1 or LT, which is responsible for the syndrome of traveler s diarrhea) have been widely applied as molecular tools to facilitate understanding of signalling systems. Examples of molecules besides Gs that were identified because of work on CT are the ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), now known to play a critical role in intracellular vesicular transport (Moss and Vaughan, 1995), and the mammalian ADP-ribosyltransferases (Zolkiewska et al., 1994). As more is learned about CT structure and biochemistry, modified or mutant CT and LT molecules are being gen-... 

Brown HA, Gutowski S, Moomaw CR, etal. (1993) ADP-ribosylation factor, a small GTP-dependent regulatory protein, stimulates phosphase D activity. In Cell 75 1137-1144. 

Ktistakis NT, Brown HA, Sternweis PC, et al. (1995) Phospholipase D is present on Golgi-enriched membranes and its activation by ADP-ribosylation factor is sensitive to brefeldin A. In J. Biol. Chem. 92 4952-4956. 

Moss J, Vaughan M (1993) ADP-ribosylation factors, 20,000 Mr guanine nucleotide-binding protein activators of cholera toxin and components of intracellular vesicular transport systems. In Cell. Signalling 5 367—379. 

Tsai S-C, Adamik R, Haun RS, et al. (1992) Differential interaction of ADP-ribosylation factors 1, 3, and 5 with rat brain Golgi membranes. In Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 9272-9276. 

Amor J, Harrison D, Kahn R, et al. (1994) Structure of the human ADP-ribosylation factor 1 complexed with GDP. In Nature 372 704-708. 

Bobak DA, Bliziotes MM, Noda M, et of. (1990) Mechanism of activation of cholera toxin by ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) Both low- and high-affinity interactions of ARF with guanine nucleotides promote toxin activation. In Biochemistry 29 855-861. 

Haun R, Tsai S-C, Adamik R, et al. (1993) Effect of myristoylation on GTP-dependent binding of ADP-ribosylation factor to Golgi. In J. Biol. Chem. 268 7064-7068. 

Kahn RA, Goddard C, Newkirk M (1988) Chemical and immunological characterization of the 21-kDa ADP-ribosylation factor of adenylate cyclase. In J. Biol. Chem. 263 8282-8287. 

Kunz BC, Muczynski KA, Welsh CF, et al. (1993) Characterization of recombinant and endogenous ADP-ribosylation factors synthesized in Sf9 insect cells. In Biochemistry 32 6643-6648. 

Moss J, Vaughan M, (1992) Activation of cholera toxin by ADP-ribosylation factors. In Natural Toxins Toxicology, Chemistry and Safety (Keeler RF, Mandava NB,Tu AT eds) pp 266—282, Fort Collins, CO Alaken, Inc. 

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