ATP/ADP carrier

R. Kramer, Interaction of membrane surface charges with the reconstituted ADP/ATP-carrier from mitochondria, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 735, 145-159 (1983). 

Beyer, K., KUngenberg, M., 1985, ADP/ATP carrier protein from beef heart mitochondria has high amounts oftightly bound cardioUpin, as revealed by P nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochemistry 24 3821-3826. 

Wiedemann N, Pfanner N, Ryan MT (2001) The three modules of ADP/ATP carrier cooperate in receptor recruitment and translocation into mitochondria. EMBO J 20 951-960... 

Many different data, which will be discussed below, are consistent with a mitochondrial origin of the hydrogenosomes of anaerobic chytrids their morphology, the mitochondrial-type targeting signals that are used to import proteins, the ADP/ATP carriers and mitochondrial-type chaperones, and all this supplemented by genomic analyses of separate hydrogenosomal proteins. 

Voncken F, Boxma B, Tjaden J, Akhmanova A, Huynen M, Verbeek F, Tielens AGM, Hafer-kamp I, Neuhaus HE, Vogels G, Veenhuis M, Hackstein JHP (2002a) Multiple origins of hydrogenosomes functional and phylogenetic evidence from the ADP/ATP carrier of the anaerobic chytrid Neocallimastix sp. Mol Microbiol 44 1441-1454... 

There is compelling evidence that the hydrogenosomes described from the trichomonads, rumen protists, rumen fungi and protists inhabiting the cockroach hind gut have many mitochondrial features including the recognition of specific targeting sequences (Dacks et al. 2006), ADP/ATP carriers (Bui et al. 2006), the production of ATP (Embley et al. 2003 van Weelden et al. 

The uncoupling protein is affected by several control mechanisms. It is inhibited by nucleotides such as GDP, GTP, ADP, and ATP which may bind at a site corresponding to that occupied by ATP or ADP in the ADP/ATP carrier.1 Uncoupling is stimulated by noradrenaline/ which causes a rapid increase in heat production by brown fat tissues, apparently via activation of adenylate cyclase. Uncoupling is also stimulated by fatty acids.) Recently UCP1 and related uncoupling proteins have been found to require both fatty acids and ubiquinone for activity.)) )k... 

This view amounts to mitochondrial genes being stuck where they are because of an insuperable difficulty if translocating hydrophobic proteins between subcelluar compartments. Yet there seems to be no evidence that hydrophobicity presents a particular barrier to protein import. For example, mitochondrial ADP-ATP carriers (AACs) are intrinsic to the mitochondrial inner membrane, have six transmembrane helices, and yet are encoded in the nucleus (Saraste and Walker 1982 van der Giezen et al. 2002). 

Hydrogenosomes and Mitochondrial-Remnant Organelles Evolved Repeatedly Evidence from ADP/ATP Carriers... 

Fig. 7.4. Phylogenetic analysis of the ADP/ATP carriers (AACs) has so far revealed that only the hydrogenosomes of chytrids and ciliates possess genuine mitochondrial AACs, which cluster with the mitochondrial homologues of their aerobic, mitochondria-bearing relatives (2, 3) (Voncken 2001 Voncken et al. 2002a van der Giezen et al. 2002 Tjaden et al. 2004). The AAC of the mitochondrial remnant of Cryptosporidium clusters with the mitochondrial transporters of the distantly related Plasmodium (the closest relative from which a complete genome DNA sequence is available) (1). Trichomonas (5) and Entamoeba (4) use alternative members of the mitochondrial carrier family for the transport of ATP across the hydrogenosomal/mitosomal membranes (Dyall et al. 2000 Tjaden et al. 2004 Chan et al. 2005 Tjaden and Leroch, unpublished results)...

Haferkamp I, Hackstein JHP, Voncken FGJ, Schmit G, Tjaden J (2002) Functional integration of mitochondrial and hydrogenosomal ADP/ATP carriers in the Escherichia coli membrane reveals different biochemical characteristics for plants, mammals and anaerobic chytrids. Eur J Biochem 269 3172-3181... 

Tjaden J, Haferkamp I, Boxma B, Tielens AG, Huynen M, Hackstein JH (2004) A divergent ADP/ATP carrier in the hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas gallinae argues for an independent origin ofthese organelles. Mol Microbiol 51 1439-1446... 

M. Klingenberg. 1992. Structure-function of the ADP/ATP carrier Biochem. Soc. Trans. 20 547-550. (PubMed) Superoxide dismutase and catalase... 

Pcbay-PeyroLila. E.. Dahnut, C-, Kahn, R. Trezeguet. V., Lauquin, G J.-M., nnd Brandolin. G. 2004. Structure of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in complex with carhoxyatractyInside, Nature 246 ,59 44. 

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