Administration route overview

In this brief overview some considerations with respect to the biological system vis-a-vis polymeric drug delivery have been qualitatively presented. Delivery systems can be designed to either overcome a barrier or take advantage of a property associated with a route of administration. Once introduced into a biological system, a delivery system s operation must be consistent with the operation of the biological system to achieve the desired goal based on temporal release pattern. 

Pharmacokinetics in animals depend on the species studied as well as the route of administration. liable 3 gives a brief overview. 

The acute toxicity of the various oximes dealt with in this chapter has been tested in a variety of animal strains of both sexes and using several routes of administration. For more in-depth information, the reader is referred to the review by Marrs (1991). An overview of the LD50 data of the various salts of pralidoxime is depicted in Figure 6. The slope of unity indicates that there is no marked sex difference between the LD50 values found in male and female animals. The LD50 following IM injection is roughly double that with IV administration. 

The phenomenon of microemulsification is mainly governed by factors such as (1) nature and concentration of the oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and aqueous phase, (2) oil/surfactant and surfactant/co-surfactant ratio, (3) temperature, (4) pH of the environment and (5) physicochemical properties of the API such as hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, plformulating microemulsions. From a pharmaceutical perspective, one of the most important factors to be considered is acceptability of the oil, surfactant and co-surfactant for the desired route of administration. This factor is very important while developing micro emulsions for parenteral and ocular delivery as there is only limited number of excipients which are approved for the parenteral and ocular route. In Chapter 3 of this book a more general overview of formulating microemulsions is given and formulation considerations with respect to the components of microemulsions used in pharmaceutical applications are discussed below. 

This chapter gives an overview of parenteral dosage forms and the rational for their use. Parenterals are sterile preparations that are injected intravascularly, administered into body tissues or into visceral cavities. The parenteral route of administration is often chosen for active substances that are poorly absorbed via the oral route or when rapid systemic availability and effects are required, or both. An introduction to the formulation and preparation of parenteral dosage forms is provided. Parenteral medicines can be formulated as solutions, emulsions or suspensions. Products, such as implants and microspheres are only briefly discussed. Knowledge about these types of products is a prerogative for the sound education of patients and caregivers in using the products. 

Despite the enormous success of biotechnology products to date, much effort continues to be focused on the development of more convenient and noninvasive routes of administration for those products that require frequent and prolonged dosing. Here we present an overview of the technologies, both developed and emerging, which are applicable to protein dehvery. In addition, chapters 11 through 13 detail case studies on physical methods for delivery of insulin and growth hormone. 

Mastrandrea, L.D., 2010. Inhaled insulin overview of a novel route of insulin administration. Vase. Health Risk Manag. 6, 47-58. 

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