Adjuvants, field trials

Formulation as Sprays. Virus formulations have usually been for application as sprays using conventional application equipment. Most viruses tested by researchers in field trials have been aqueous suspensions of filtrates or precipitates from macerated virus-killed cadavers. These are stable for long periods under refrigeration or when frozen and usually are easily tank-mixed with water and other adjuvants (12, 13). Performance of these simple formulations in field trials usually is equal or superior to more elaborate formulations. They are seldom practical for commercialization, however. Commercial formulations are concentrated precipitates because stable and concentrated product is needed for storage and shipping. 

NAGAI, T., IIDA, Y. and YONEJi, T. (2003) Field trials of a vaccine with water-soluble adjuvant for bacterial coldwater disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathology 38, 63-65. 

---