Mode - adiabatic, intensity

We conclude that the adiabatic mode intensities and effective charges derived from them are the localized counterparts of those effective charges derived from measured intensities. They should be more appropriate for the description of the properties of individual bonds. In particular, they should lead to chemically more meaningful effective charges where future work has to show how effective charges, atomic monopole and dipole contributions, and the charge flux are related. 

Once adiabatic dipole derivatives are known, the infrared intensity of an adiabatic mode an associated with the internal coordinate qn is calculated in a similar way as that for a normal mode 1 ... 

In any problem involving avoided crossings, there are two modes of variation. A physical system will evolve adiabatically, i.e. it will remain on one or other branch if the intensity A is varied slowly. If. however, the variation is rapid then diabatic or Landau-Zener transitions may occur [508]. The probability of a transition from one branch to the other at the avoided crossing is given by... 

In a fluid sample one longitudinal wave is excited. The impulsively excited acoustic wave induces a temporally and spatially periodic variation in the index of refraction of the sample. A third pulse ( 1 pJ, 20 pm diameter, 80 ps duration) selected from the same Q-switched envelope as the excitation pulses is frequency doubled (A,p = 0.532pm) and delayed by a combination of time of flight and mode lock pulse selection to generate the "probe." Observation of the intensity of the Bragg scattering of the probe, by the acoustic or thermo-acoustic grating, as a function of probe delay serves to determine the frequency (v), and hence the adiabatic velocity (c = dv) of the acoustic waves. 

For example, the intensity of an adiabatic CH stretching mode in a hydrocarbon is related to charge pa and charge flux 3pa/9qn according to Eq. (88) ... 

The intensive water-sulfuric acid interaction (fe = 10 1 1/moEs) and substantial thermal effect (q = 196 kilojoules/kg) result in 84 °C adiabatic increase of temperature in an extremely small local area of the reaction volume (L ooi = 10 1 m). In this case, technologically acceptable conditions (reactor temperature does not exceed 70 °C (343 K)) can be achieved in a two-zone operation model with the partial feed of a 90% acid solution into two zones, separated by the cooling area. This approach provides a technologically acceptable temperature mode for the process. In addition, the partial feeding of acid allows a 20% reduction of the device s radius in the first zone (from 0.01 to 0.008 m). It favours both the required level of flow turbulence and the increase of external heat removal output (additional 15-20% decrease of The maximum... 

Formation of the quasi-plug flow mode in the reaction zone in turbulent flows, due to the intensive convective heat exchange in proximity to the reactor walls and resulting quasi-isothermal conditions, allows efficient control of the thermal mode of the neutralisation process by external cooling. In order to decide whether it is reasonable to use external cooling for the neutralisation reaction in a tubular turbulent reactor of cylinder form, it is necessary to estimate the amount of heat which is released in the reaction zone under conditions of adiabatic heating. If the density and thermal capacity of the reaction mixture in the first approximation correspond to the values for water, then [15] ... 

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