Charge flux .

Since the ionic fluxes cannot be measured individually, it is preferable to introduce the salt flux, besides solvent flux and charge flux (current density). The driving forces would then be the gradients or differences of the chemical potentials in media with different salt concentrations and different pressures, multiplied by -1. These differences must be relatively small to remain within the framework of linear irreversible thermodynamics, so that... 

Torii, H., and M. Tasumi. 1993. Infrared Intensities of Vibrational Modes of an a-helical Polypeptide Calculations Based on the Equilibrium Charge/Charge Flux (ECCF) Model. J. Mol. Struct. 300,171-179. 

The same transport law can be written for electric charge (which is another conserved quantity). In this case, the top plate is at a potential e and the bottom plate is at potential e0 (electric potential is the concentration of charge ). The resulting charge flux (i.e., current density) from the top plate to the bottom is i (which is negative, because transport is in the — y... 

Since in the steady state, it is necessary to maintain a condition of electroneutrality in any macroscopic part of the system, the total charge flux through all cross-sections of the circuit must be the same. In particular, the rate of electron flow in the external circuit is equal to the rate of charge transfer at each electrode/electrolyte interface. 

In this book, vector quantities such as x and y above are normally column vectors. When necessary, row vectors are indicated by use of the transpose (e.g., r). If the components of x and y refer to coordinate axes [e.g., orthogonal coordinate axes ( i, 2, 3) aligned with a particular choice of right, forward, and up in a laboratory], the square matrix M is a rank-two tensor.9 In this book we denote tensors of rank two and higher using boldface symbols (i.e., M). If x is an applied force and y is the material response to the force (such as a flux), M is a rank-two material-property tensor. For example, the full anisotropic form of Ohm s law gives a charge flux Jq in terms of an applied electric field E as... 

The presence of kinetic permselectivity is demonstrated by comparison of the mass and charge fluxes, in Figure 3. In each case (either electrolyte, either direction of change), the initial slope of the mass flux / current plot corresponds closely to that anticipated for transfer of one counter ion (no salt or solvent) per electron transferred (dashed lines have slope F/99.5). Transfers of the net neutral species, salt and solvent, are purely diffusive and only contribute significantly to the EQCM response at longer times. 

Photoelectric current is defined as a charge flux in the semiconductor channel... 

Verify that the equation for charge flux can be formulated on an atomic or a specific or a molar basis. 

The quantity J is the number of moles of ions crossing a unit area per second. When J is multiplied by the charge borne by 1 mole of ions zF, one obtains the current density i, or charge flux, i.e., the quantity of charge crossing a unit area per second. Because i has direction, it will be written as a vector quantity, j. 

CF Charge Flux. Loss or gain of electron density as an atom is displaced. 

Electrokinetics is of direct relevance for the interpretation of the dynamics of colloid particle interaction, that is interaction, considering the rates of transient charge fluxes during the brief encounters of pairs. Charge has to flow away and to a large extent this takes place laterally, so that obviously K° and become Important variables. 

If there are more charge parameters than conditions the extra constraint of minimal charge flux may be used by introducing Lagrange multipliers for conditions (2) and... 

If the particle flow involves electron with charge —e we recast Eq. (6.3.4) for the charge flux as Jg = L" T)V l /e). Under conditions where the concentration of charge carriers in the volume element remains uniform we may set V( /c) = —V0, where (p is the electrostatic potential. We then obtain... 

Following charge separation, charge collection from the device requires transport of the photogenerated charges to their respective electrodes. For an efficient DSSC nnder AMI.5 solar irradiance, these charge fluxes are of the order of 20 mA cm. The high ionic concentrations in the device effectively screen ont any macroscopic... 

A.23.3 (a) (1) the partial permeability of the membrane to charged species, (2) the uniformity of charge distribution across the membrane, (3) the net equality of charge flux across the membrane, (4) tire applicability of the Donnan equilibrium for each ionic species to which the membrane is permeable enough to permit free distribution across the membrane, and, (5) the absence of an electrogenic pump and its resultant driving force. 

R. L. A. Haiduke, R. E. Bruns. An atomic charge-charge flux-dipole flux atom-in-molecule decomposition for molecular dipole-moment derivatives and infrared fundamental intensities. J. Phys. Chem. A-, 109, 2680-2688 (2005). 

The largest difference between force fields is probably how they handle electrostatics. Each force field uses its own definition of what functions and data should be used. The well-known MM2 force field describes all electrostatic interactions by bond dipoles (4), but most other force fields utilize atomic point charges. The charges may in turn be obtained from fragment matching (34), from bond-type-dependent charge flux (35), or from more complex schemes that can also respond to the environment (36). 

The electrolytic conductivity k is obtained from the expression for current density (charge flux)... 

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