Adenosine triphosphate from glycolysis

This is the first reaction in the biochemical pathway called glycolysis. A phosphoryl group is transferred from a donor molecule, adenosine triphosphate, to the recipient molecule, glucose. The products are glucose-6-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate. This enz)rme, called hexokinase, is an example of a transferase. 

The Krebs cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions that catalyzes the aerobic metabolism of fuel molecules to carbon dioxide and water, thereby generating energy for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. The Krebs cycle is so named because much of its elucidation was the work of the British biochemist Hans Krebs. Many types of fuel molecules can be drawn into and utilized by the cycle, including acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), derived from glycolysis or fatty acid oxidation. Some amino acids are metabolized via the enzymatic reactions of the Krebs cycle. In eukaryotic cells, all but one of the enzymes catalyzing the reactions of the Krebs cycle are found in the mitochondrial matrixes. 

A. Pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenols uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Substrates are metabolized but the energy produced is dissipated as heat instead of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The basal metabolic rate increases, placing increased demands on the cardiorespiratory system. Excess lactic add results from anaerobic glycolysis. 

Under aerobic conditions, in which most cells grow, mitochondria are the site of (i) the tricarboxylic acid cycle which transforms (to carbon dioxide, water, and energy) the acetyl-CoA which is produced by the metabolism of both carbohydrates and fatty acids (ii) the enzymes that oxidize and convert fatty acids to acetyl-CoA (iii) the respiratory-chain enzymes which transmit, to atmospheric oxygen, the electrons removed from all the various metabolic substrates, and store part of the energy, obtained in this way, as adenosine triphosphate. The enzymes of carbohydrate glycolysis (the Meyerhof sequence) are in the cytoplasm. 

First one glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules in a process known as glycolysis. The energy from this exothermic reaction is used to bind inorganic phosphate (Pj) to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) forming ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and convert NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to NADFI (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) ... 

Just as Nature can synthesize sugars from smaller carbon chains, there is a natural process called glycolysis (Fig. 22.22) that breaks down glucose into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate. This chain-shortening pathway is a critical part of the metabolism that occurs in almost all organisms. Glycolysis provides cells with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and NADH (p. 814). 

Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, from yeast, converts a-glycerophosphoric acid into glyceraldehyde phosphate, and subsequently into phosphoglyceric acid, all of which participate in glycolysis. Adenosine triphosphate is the co-enzyme of the... 

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