Adenosine monophosphate structure

Draw the structure of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a messenger involved in the regulation of glucose production in the body. Cyclic AMP has a phosphate ring connecting the 3 and 5 hydroxyl groups on adenosine. 

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), a modulator of hormone action, is related to AMP (Problem 29.24) but has its phosphate group linked to two hydroxyl groups at C3 and C5 of the sugar. Draw the structure of cyclic AMP. 

Nucleotides can be linked together into oligonucleotides through a phosphate bridge at the 5 position of one ribose unit and the 3 position of another. The purine bases, adenine and guanine, have two heterocyclic rings, while the pyrimidines cytosine, thymine, and uracil have one. The structure of adenosine monophosphate is shown in Figure 11. 

Knighton, D.R., Zheng, I, Ten Eyck, L.F., Ashford, V.A., Xuong, N., Taylor, S.S. and Sowadski, . M. Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (1991) Science 253, 407-413... 

If the terminal pyrophosphate is removed from a molecule of ATP, the remainder is AMP, adenosine monophosphate, one of the four building blocks of the important biological macromolecules, the nucleic acids. There are two types of nucleic acids (26) ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA is a polymer of four different nucleotides, one of which is AMP, the ribose phosphate of adenine. The other three nucleotides are also ribose phosphates of heterocyclic bases, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. The structure of the four bases is shown in Figure 6. 

Other intermediate-duration oral studies in rats evaluated effects of aluminum on brain chemistry as well as neurobehavioral performance. Rats that consumed 51 mg Al/kg/day as aluminum chloride in drinking water for 180 days had alterations in behavior (reduced spontaneous locomotor activity, impaired learning, extinction and relearning of an active avoidance task, impaired maze relearning ability) and brain chemistry (increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activity of Na+-, K+-, and Mg2+-ATPases) (Lai et al. 1993). Ingestion of 490 mg Al/kg/day as aluminum sulfate in drinking water for 4-12 weeks caused reduced retention of a learned passive avoidance task and changes in brain chemistry (e.g., increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, decreased concentrations of MAP-2 and other structural... 

Fig. 2. Structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine.

Figure 10.4 Structure of cyclic AMP (cAMP, cyclic 3, 5 -adenosine monophosphate).

When the odorant binds to the odorant receptor it changes the receptor structure and activates an olfactory protein called a G protein. This in turn converts ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) that allows opening of ion channels, causing the receptor to become depolarized. Depolarization is an electrical change that triggers a nerve impulse. Impulses from the nasal receptors are sent along the olfactory nerve to the brain. 

Nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. They serve as sources of chemical energy (ATP and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)), participate in cellular signalling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)) and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions. Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA (Scheme 3). 

Nucleotides are often used as SS NMR models in structural studies. Adenosine monophosphate was employed by Tekely and co-workers for testing the suitability of high-resolution SS 31P NMR for a straightforward determination of the protonation state of phosphate groups as well as of their pK values.77... 

EF (89kDa) is a cahnodulin (CaM)-dependent adenylate cyclase, increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the infected host cell cytosol. The first 261 N-terminal residues of EF are responsible for CaM binding (Duesbery and Vande Woude, 1999 Labruyere, 1990). The catalytic domain resides in amino acids 265-570 of the EF peptide sequence (Betsou et al, 1995 Escuyer et al, 1988). The ribbon structure of EF... 

---