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Additives for Liquids

Volatile buffer components and additives for liquid chromatography that are compatible with mass spectrometry include NH3, HC02H, CH3C02H, CCI3C02H, (CH3)3N, and (C2H6)3N. Avoid additive concentrations >20 mM. [Pg.488]

Given a description of a process system in which a volumetric flow rate is either specified or requested for any process stream, (a) carry out the degree-of-ffeedom analysis, including density estimates for liquid and solid streams and equations of state for gas streams (b) write the system equations and outline the procedure you would use to solve for all requested quantities (c) carry out the calculations (d) list all your assumptions (e.g., volume additivity for liquids or ideal gas behavior) and state whether or not they are reasonable for the given process conditions. [Pg.189]

Additive for liquid and powder coating formulations (less brittle, self-levelling, high/low T stability, scratch and mb resistance, transparency, sur ce effects above)... [Pg.686]

Expansivity, as a function of metal oxide addition, for liquid silicates, 740... [Pg.45]

Surface modification of nanoparticles in some cases allow the formation of stable dispersions in liquid hydrocarbons [57], If molybdenum sulphide nanoparticles are considered as friction-modifying additives for liquid lubricants, then a whole range of new possibilities appears. The action of tribologically active additives as nanoparticles has been proposed as in Fig. 8.6. [Pg.259]

Additives for liquids include solid particles and gas bubbles in single-phase flows and liquid trace additives for boiling systems. [Pg.787]

The use of nanoparticles as extreme pressure and anti-wear additives for liquid lubricants assumes significance. WS2 particles (average diameter 100 nm) have been shown to reduce the wear of self-mated steel shding couples by a factor of approximately two for loads below 400 N and by a factor of ten above this... [Pg.171]

Nanoparticles have received widespread acceptance as extreme pressure and anti-wear additives for liquid lubricants. If the nanoparticle deposits can act as a third body to help reduce asperity interactions and increase the load-bearing capacity of rubbing pairs (Rapoport et al, 2003) then action of such a third-body layer on tribocorrosion behavior will be of much interest. In addition, the possibility of using aqueous suspensions of nanoparticles as an alternative to oil-in-water emulsion is worth exploring. [Pg.172]

SAMs are generating attention for numerous potential uses ranging from chromatography [SO] to substrates for liquid crystal alignment [SI]. Most attention has been focused on future application as nonlinear optical devices [49] however, their use to control electron transfer at electrochemical surfaces has already been realized [S2], In addition, they provide ideal model surfaces for studies of protein adsorption [S3]. [Pg.397]

Much confusion exists as to the best choice of lubricant additives for a given situation. Evaluation both in the laboratory and in the field is difficult because of the dynamic nature of the drilling fluid and the wide range of factors that influence drill string torque and drag. Liquid lubricants are used at concentrations of 0.25—4 vol %, soHd materials at ca 6—29 kg/m (2—10 Ib/bbl). [Pg.183]

Fixed-roof atmospheric tanks require vents to prevent pressure changes which would othei wise result from temperature changes and withdrawal or addition of liquid. API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks, gives practical rules for vent design. The principles of this standard can be applied to fluids other than petroleum products. Excessive losses of volatile liquids, particularly those with flash points below 38°C (100°F), may result from the use of open vents on fixed-roof tanks. Sometimes vents are manifolded and led to a vent tank, or the vapor may be extracted by a recov-eiy system. [Pg.1016]

Both these limits restric t the maximum rate of liqiiid feed or binder addition for given inlet gas velocity and temperature. The liquid feed rate may be fui ther restricted to avoid excess coalescence or quenching. [Pg.1897]

Use nonsplash addition methods for liquids (e.g., subsurface addition, addition along the wall, etc.)... [Pg.85]

In the laboratory, a range of slush baths may be used for speciality work. These are prepared by cooling organic liquids to their melting points by the addition of liquid nitrogen. Common examples are given in Table 8.2. Unless strict handling precautions are instituted, it is advisable to replace the more toxic and flammable solvents by safer alternatives. [Pg.258]

Flexibilized epoxy resins are important structural adhesives [69]. Liquid functionally terminated nitrile rubbers are excellent flexibilizing agents for epoxy resins. This liquid nitrile rubber can be reacted into the epoxy matrix if it contains carboxylated terminated functionalities or by adding an amine terminated rubber. The main effects produced by addition of liquid nitrile rubber in epoxy formulations is the increase in T-peel strength and in low-temperature lap shear strength, without reducing the elevated temperature lap shear. [Pg.660]

Seraper blades set to rotate at 35 rpm are used for a pilot plant addition of liquid ingredients into a body-wash produet. What should the speed of the blades be in a full-seale plant, if the pilot and the full-seale plants are geometrieally similar in design Assume seale-up is based on eonstant tip speed, diameter of the pilot plant seraper blades is 0.6 m, and diameter of the full-seale plant seraper blades is 8 ft. [Pg.587]

The heat capacity of a subshince is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise tlie temperature of tliat substance by 1° the specific heat capacity is the heat capacity on a unit mass basis. The term specific heat is frequently used in place of specific heat capacity. This is not strictly correct because traditionally, specific heal luis been defined as tlie ratio of the heat capacity of a substance to the heat capacity of water. However, since the specific heat of water is approxinuitely 1 cal/g-°C or 1 Btiiyib-°F, the term specific heal luis come to imply heat capacity per unit mass. For gases, tlie addition of heat to cause tlie 1° tempcniture rise m iy be accomplished either at constant pressure or at constant volume. Since the mnounts of heat necessary are different for tlie two cases, subscripts are used to identify which heat capacity is being used - Cp for constant pressure or Cv for constant volume. Tliis distinction does not have to be made for liquids and solids since tliere is little difference between tlie two. Values of heat capacity arc available in the literature. ... [Pg.115]


See other pages where Additives for Liquids is mentioned: [Pg.665]    [Pg.760]    [Pg.503]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.826]    [Pg.474]    [Pg.568]    [Pg.262]    [Pg.36]    [Pg.51]    [Pg.57]    [Pg.240]    [Pg.665]    [Pg.760]    [Pg.503]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.826]    [Pg.474]    [Pg.568]    [Pg.262]    [Pg.36]    [Pg.51]    [Pg.57]    [Pg.240]    [Pg.2770]    [Pg.9]    [Pg.459]    [Pg.411]    [Pg.1676]    [Pg.1707]    [Pg.1766]    [Pg.1893]    [Pg.447]    [Pg.51]    [Pg.101]    [Pg.150]    [Pg.157]    [Pg.840]    [Pg.918]    [Pg.115]    [Pg.131]    [Pg.474]    [Pg.54]   


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