Additive embossing

Finally, various specific Web interfaces to EMBOSS exist, such as wEMBOSS (http //www.wemboss.org). In addition, EMBOSS has been incorporated into the SRS interface via generation of external-application definitions in SRS s Icarus language. 

Fig. 10.9 Formation of multiscale structures by combination of the breath figures approach and embossing techniques. The immiscibility between both homopolymers added (PS and PVP) due to the different hydrophilicity produces hierarchical ordered patterns where the PVP is located inside the pore and the PS at the pore wall. In addition, embossing produces an additional level of order at the micrometer length-scale as well as replicas. Reproduced with permission from ref. [205]...

Several more recent variations of the film-to-fiber approach result in direct conversion of film to fabric. The film may be embossed in a controlled pattern and subsequently drawn uniaxiaHy or biaxiaHy to produce a variety of nonwoven products (47). Addition of chemical blowing agents to the film causes fibrillation upon extmsion. Nonwovens can be formed directly from blown film using a unique radial die and control of the biaxial draw ratio (48)... 

The apphcation of vegetable tanning materials has an additive effect on the leather. The more vegetable tannins appHed the more the leather becomes like vegetable-tanned leather. The color is changed, the fullness of feel increases, and the leather can be worked and embossed like vegetable leather. 

The surface finish of the specimen may also affect impact behaviour. Machined surfaces usually have tool marks which act as stress concentrations whereas moulded surfaces have a characteristic skin which can offer some protection against crack initiation. If the moulded surface is scratched, then this protection no longer exists. In addition, mouldings occasionally have an embossed surface for decorative effect and tests have shown that this can cause a considerable reduction in impact strength compared to a plain surface. 

Polished, matt, and brushed finishes may be obtained and, in addition, other decorative effects from embossed, oxidized, and etched foils. The surface may be lacquered, anodized, or chromium-plated to prevent oxidation, and can be coloured to simulate other metals like brass and bronze. 

Fig. 5. These results show the regular embossments caused by the particles, but no additional roughness on the nm scale indicating that the surface of the modified particle is very smooth.

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