Addition of various salts

Divalent cations. Addition of calcium to milk causes precipitation of soluble phosphate as colloidal calcium phosphate, an increase in ionized calcium, a decrease in the concentration of soluble phosphate and a decrease in pH. 

Phosphate. Addition of secondary Na or K phosphate (i.e. Na2HP04 or K2HPO4) causes the precipitation of colloidal calcium phosphate, with concomitant decreases in the concentration of soluble calcium and calcium ion. Polyphosphates, e.g. Na-hexametaphosphate, chelate Ca strongly and dissolve CCP. 

Citrate. Addition of citrate reduces the concentrations of calcium ions and colloidal calcium phosphate and increases the soluble calcium, soluble phosphate and pH. 

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In addition to the collector, polyvalent ions may show sufficiently strong adsorption on oxide, sulfide, and other minerals to act as potential-determining ions (see Ref. 98). Judicious addition of various salts, then, as well as pH control, can permit a considerable amount of selectivity. 

C]-Cyanide is a secondary precursor, produced from 11C02, but nevertheless as a result of microwave-enhanced accelerations can be used to label a wide range of amines, acids, esters and alcohols. Such an example is illustrated in Scheme 13.12 [95-98]. Reactions with less reactive substrates can be achieved by increasing the polarity of the reaction medium through the addition of various salts. 

According to F. C. Franklin and C. A. Kraus,40 liquid ammonia readily dissolves sodium and potassium iodides. The partial press, of ammonia in soln. of potassium iodide at 25°, as measured by R. Abegg and H. Riesenfeld, is raised from 13 45 mm. of water to 13 28, and 14 88 mm. for 0 5W-, N-, and l 5Ar-soln. respectively. H. M. Dawson and J. McCrae have shown that the distribution of ammonia between water and chloroform is generally lowered by the addition of various salts of the alkali metals and ammonium which they tried—halides, nitrates, chlorates, oxalates, sulphates, carbonates, hydroxides this means that the solvent power of aq. soln. of the alkali salts is in general less than that of pure water—lithium chloride, ammonium bromide, and sodium iodide act in the opposite way. The other halide salts of lithium were not tried. The change produced in the partition coeff. by the halides, at 20°, is as follows ... 

Effect of the addition of various salts on explosive properties... 

The addition of various salts to potato starch on its compression up to 1.2 X 109 Pa had only a small effect on the thermal properties of starch, as measured by thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTG/DTA). Only FeCl3, CoCl2, and I2 caused significant effects.62... 

Andreev and Glazkova [20] carried out pioneering work on the action of various substances on the rate of burning ammonium nitrate. In their later paper [21 ] they examined the influence of the addition of various salts to ammonium nitrate on its rate of burning - Table 71. 

The experimental method employed for the determination of the partial piessure of acetic acid molecules m the vapour phase consisted in the distillation of aqueous solutions of acetic acid, with and without the addition of various salts, with corresponding analyses of both liquid and (condensed) vapour phases The details of the method and the mode of calculation will be found m the original paper... 

The phytotoxic effect of glyphosate can be increased by additives enhancing absorption and translocation. According to the investigations of Wills (1973) the addition of various salts and surfactants to glyphosate does not increase its initial phytotoxicity, but increases the duration of effectiveness from 2 to 8 months. Of the cations K, of the anions POJ had the best effect. 

The addition of various salts to the reduced solutions led to isolation of the series of compounds Rh(TTP)X (where X = B(CeH5)4, PFe", C104 , Br", T, and SCN") and Rh(lTX)PF6. Elemental analyses are reported in Table I. The molar conductances are all consistent with... 

Again, reactions with less reactive substrates can be achieved by increasing the polarity of the reaction medium through the addition of various salts. 

Figures 8.4 and 8.5 indicate the critical potentials noble to which S.C.C. of 18-8 stainless steel initiates when exposed to magnesium chloride solution boiling at 130°C with and without inhibiting anion additions [27]. Anodic polarization induces shorter cracking times the more noble the controlled potential cathodic polarization, on the other hand, extends the observed cracking times. Below the critical value of -0.145 V (S.H.E.), the alloy becomes essentially immune (Fig. 8.4). Addition of various salts, such as sodium acetate, to the magnesium chloride solution shifts the critical potential to more noble values. When the amount of...

Water. Being cheap and readily available, water is an ideal simulant fluid for Newtonian mixing in the turbulent regime. Its density (and conductivity) can readily be modified by the addition of various salts, although care is required in the study of gas-Uquid or liquid-liquid systems that the presence of dissolved salts does not alter the bubble or droplet coalescence properties of the system. Disposal of water is cheap, provided that the concentrations of any dissolved materials are within local discharge regulations. 

Effect of a 5% addition of various salts on the gelation temperature (°C) of a 2% MC or HPMC solution (adapted from [3]). Numbers in parenthesis Indicate the viscosity grades of the derivatives. 

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