Addition/additive effects interactions based

Most studies on heat- and mass-transfer to or from bubbles in continuous media have primarily been limited to the transfer mechanism for a single moving bubble. Transfer to or from swarms of bubbles moving in an arbitrary fluid field is complex and has only been analyzed theoretically for certain simple cases. To achieve a useful analysis, the assumption is commonly made that the bubbles are of uniform size. This permits calculation of the total interfacial area of the dispersion, the contact time of the bubble, and the transfer coefficient based on the average size. However, it is well known that the bubble-size distribution is not uniform, and the assumption of uniformity may lead to error. Of particular importance is the effect of the coalescence and breakup of bubbles and the effect of these phenomena on the bubble-size distribution. In addition, the interaction between adjacent bubbles in the dispersion should be taken into account in the estimation of the transfer rates... 

The cage-type peptide cyclophanes (7 and 8) exhibit discrimination toward steroid hormones, as effected by hydrophobic and n-n interactions. In addition, the chirality-based discrimination between a- and -estradiol as well as between D- and L-amino acids bearing an aromatic moiety is performed on the basis of their capacity of forming efficient hydrogen bonding with the host molecules in aqueous media [41, 43]. 

Solvation in supercritical fluids depends on the interactions between the solute molecules and die supercritical fluid medium. For example, in pure supercritical fluids, solute solubility depends upon density (1-3). Moreover, because the density of supercritical fluids may be increased significantly by small pressure increases, one may employ pressure to control solubility. Thus, this density-dependent solubility enhancement may be used to effect separations based on differences in solute volatilities (4,5). Enhancements in both solute solubility and separation selectivity have also been realized by addition of cosolvents (sometimes called entrainers or modifiers) (6-9). From these studies, it is thought that the solubility enhancements are due to the increased local density of the solvent mixtures, as well as specific interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding) between the solute and the cosolvent (10). 

Detergent-dispersant interactions at surfaces. In 4-ball wear tests, an ashless dispersant was found to have an adverse effect on ZDDP-sulfonate-carbonate hardcore RM additives. A high molecular weight Schiff base had the worst effect, followed by a bis-PIBS m-PIBS had the least adverse effect. Interactions among additives affects valve train wear. One of the effects is that a succinimide together with other additives increases the decomposition temperature of ZDDP (Ramakamur, 1994 Shirahama and Hirata, 1989). 

MMGK (Molecular mechanics with Gillespie-Kepert terms) [193] is designed for application to coordination compounds. It is based on CHARMM, but an additional term describing repulsion of some effective interaction centers placed on the coordination bonds is added. 

Tools should be developed to support the identification of mixture exposure situations that may cause unexpectedly high risks compared to the standard null models of concentration addition and response addition, for example, based on an analysis of food consumption and behavioral patterns, and the occurrence of common mixture combinations that cause synergistic effects. Criteria should be developed for the inclusion of interaction data in mixture assessments. 

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