Adapter hypothesis

Conclusion with regard to stock of hypotheses and model The substitution process in the constraction industry had the effect of providing impulses ( Cross-adaptation - Hypothesis 5). Automotive manufacturers as brand manufacturers ate especially vulnerable to scandals. Concerning carcinogenic fibres it must be assumed that the public and therefore also car buyers were highly sensitised due to the asbestos problem ( Emotional drivers - Hypothesis 4). 

The earliest general model of adaptation to temperature in membrane lipids focused on the physical state ( static order or viscosity [= 1 / fluidity ]) of the bilayer. The finding that the physical state of membrane lipids from Escherichia coli cultured at different temperatures was similar at the different growth temperatures led to the homeoviscous adaptation hypothesis, which states that lipid composition is modified during thermal acclimation to facilitate retention of a relatively stable membrane physical state (Sinensky, 1974). At the outset of any discussion of homeoviscous adaptation, it is important to examine carefully what is meant by physical state (or the related terms static order, viscosity, and fluidity ). In such an analysis, one must also consider the physical methods that are used to make such measurements—and the limitations of these techniques. 

Why do the chemosensory receptor gene families vary so much among vertebrates One potential answer is the variable functional requirements for different species to adapt to their specific environments. Here we summarize evidence for the adaptive hypothesis at three levels (1) gene family, (2) newly duplicated paralogous genes, and (3) intraspecific variation. 

The adaption hypothesis assumes that the problem of codon assignment is a typical optimization issue with an error minimization scheme stating that near codons should encode similar amino acids. Thus, upon mutating one of the three bases of the codon, the encoded amino acid should be synonymous to the one encoded by the unmutated codon. This minimizes structural and functional deleterious effects of this mutation on the resulting protein (Di Giulio 2005). 

When cocaine is repeatedly administered, DAergic receptor numbers are altered.4041 The likelihood of hyperthermia may be increased with chronic cocaine abuse if the DAergic receptors involved in thermoregulation are undergoing adaptive changes with chronic cocaine exposure. In keeping with this hypothesis, cocaine delirium victims had a different profile of D2 receptor binding... 

It is well accepted that MDMA produces 5-HT depletions in rat CNS, but much less attention has been devoted to the effects of MDMA on established markers of neurotoxicity such as cell death, silver-positive staining, and reactive gliosis. Support for the hypothesis of MDMA-induced axotomy relies heavily on immunohistochemical analysis of 5-HT levels, which could produce misleading results if not validated by other methods. For example, MDMA-induced loss of 5-HT could be due to persistent adaptive changes in gene expression or protein function, reflecting a state of metabolic quiescence rather than neurotoxic damage. Table 7.3 summarizes the effects of MDMA on hallmark measures of neurotoxicity. 

The question whether atoms exist or not.. . belongs rather to metaphysics. In chemistry we have only to decide whether the assumption of atoms is an hypothesis adapted to the explanation of chemical phenomena. . . [and] whether a further development of the atomic hypothesis promises to advance our knowledge of the mechanisms of chemical phenomena.. .. I rather expect that we shall some day find, for what we now call atoms, a mathematico-mechanical explanation, which will render an account of atomic weight, of atomicity, and of numerous other properties of the so-called atoms. 50... 

At first sight, therefore, there is no support from a study of bisexuals ejaculates for the hypothesis that bisexuality is a syndrome adapted to sperm competition. The situation is discussed further below. 

Other authors have proposed that masturbation occurs because sperm have a limited shelf life (Levin 1975). Here, however, the hypothesis is that masturbation produces a more competitive EPC ejaculate. If so, it could imply that, because of their high ejaculation rate, bisexuals are permanently prepared for EPCs whereas heterosexuals anticipate each event opportunistically. In which case it remains possible that, as hypothesised, bisexuals are a morph adapted to an above average involvement in sperm competition (section 5.2). 

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