Adaptation, to toxicants

Mergeay M, S Monchy, T Vallaeys, V Auquier, A Benotmane, P Berlin, S Taghavi, J Dunn, D van der Lelie, R Wattiez (2003) Ralstonia metallidurans, a bacterium specifically adapted to toxic metals towards a catalogue of metal-responsive genes. EEMS Micobiol Rev 27 385-410. 

Rose RL, Hodgson E. Adaptation to Toxicants In Hodgson E, Smart RC, eds. Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York Wiley Interscience, 2001. 

It can be concluded from the above that adaptation to toxicant stress may be expected when the following occurs ... 

Potential saturation, or overwhelming, of the body s reaction potential. The body adapts to toxic exposure by increasing its detoxifying enzyme production and immune response. 

Selection of the most suitable machine for a given requirement is an extremely complex process. Added to variations in the properties of the different materials, many of the machines involved have been specifically developed or adapted to perform only particular tasks. The principal factors which must be addressed are toughness/britdeness, hardness, abrasiveness, feed size, cohesity, particle shape and stmcture, heat sensitivity, toxicity, explodability, and specific surface. 

For a limited number of exposure pathways (primarily inhalation of air in the vicinity of sources), pollutant fate and distribution models have been adapted to estimate population exposure. Examples of such models include the SAI and SRI methodologies developed for EPA s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (1,2), the NAAQS Exposure Model (3), and the GEMS approach developed for EPA s Office of Toxic Substances (4). In most cases, however, fate model output will serve as an independent input to an exposure estimate. 

European Community (1992) Method for the determination of ecotoxicity, part C2. Acute toxicity for Daphnia (Directive 92/69/EEC, Annex V, 1992 adaptation to 67/548/ EEC). Off J Eur Commun L383 172-178... 

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