Acute coronary syndromes biomarkers

Coagulation derived biomarker in acute coronary syndromes. 

Atherosclerosis including acute coronary syndromes is an inflammatory process (37). Among biomarkers of inflammation, most attention and data has focused on C-reactive protein (CRP), which have been reported to be independently related to risk of future CHD events (38), Moreover, in the PROVE-IT TIMI 22 study, CRP levels at 30 days after treat-ment were not only independent of LDL cholesterol levels at that time but outcomes were improved in those who achieved not only an LDL cholesterol level of < 70 mg/dL (l.8mmol/L) but also CRP levels less than 2mg/L (39), However, uncertainties still remain and at this time it is considered premature to include CRP levels as a specific target,... 

Pentraxins as a key component on innate immunity, Cum Opin. Immunol. 18,10-15,2006 Vidt, D.G., Inflammation in renal disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 97, 20A-27A, 2006 Armstrong, E.J., Morrow, D.A., and Sabatine, M.S., Inflammatory biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Part 11 acute-phase reactants and biomarkers of endothelial cell activation. Circulation 113, el52-el55, 2006. See also Heat-Shock Proteins. 

Westerhout CM, Fu Y, Lauer MS et al. Short- and long-term risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes the added value of quantitative ST-segment depression and multiple biomarkers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 48 939. 

Mitsuoka H, Toyohara M, Kume N et al. Circulating soluble SR-PSOX/CXCL16 as a biomarker for acute coronary syndrome -comparison with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 2009 16 586-593. 

Fraley AE, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG et al. Relationship of oxidized phospholipids and biomarkers of oxidized low-density hpoprotein with cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory biomarkers, and effect of statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes Results from the MIRACL (Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering) trial. Journal of the American CollMe of Cardiology 2009 53 2186-2196. 

Sathyamurthy 1, Dalai JJ, Sawhney JP et al (2015) Cardiac biomarkers for better management of acute coronary syndromes. J Assoc Physicians India 63 46-50 Schuett KA, Lehrke M, Marx N, Burgmaier M (2015) High-risk cardiovascular patients clinical features, comorbidities, and interconnecting mechanisms. Front Immunol 6 591 Schwandt P, Scholze JE, Bertsch T, Liepold E, Haas GM (2015) Blood pressure percentiles in 22,051 German children and adolescents the PEP Family Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 28 672-679... 

Serum biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome play a critical role in the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with ACS. Myocardial necrosis observed in patients with ACS releases a variety of proteins into blood that can be used as biomarkers. Antiquated markers include aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and its isoenzyme (LDl), myoglobin, and creatine kinase (CK) and its isoenzyme (CK-MB). While some of these markers are still in routine use, there is consensus among experts in the field of cardiology, emergency medicine, and laboratory medicine that cardiac troponin is the gold standard marker for ACS. 

Apple, F.S., Jesse, R.L., Newby, L.K., Wu, A.H.B., Christenson RH. NationaJ Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and IFCC Committee for Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines Analytical issues for biomarkers of acute coronary syndromes. Clin. 

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