Polyaniline actuators

After Little s proposal, many researchers have pursued such an exciting system in vain. Even metallic behavior was rarely seen in doped organic polymers, gels, and actuators. As mentioned in Sect. 3.4.4, MCso with linearly polymerized Ceo" exhibited one-dimensional (M = Rb, Cs) or three-dimensional (M = K) metallic behavior [144]. Recently a doped poly aniline was reported to exhibit a metallic temperature dependence for a crystalline polymer chemical oxidation of monomers grew crystallite polyaniline [329] early doping studies on polypyrrole (PFg) and poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)X (X = PFg, BF4, and CF3SO3) prepared by electrooxidation at low temperatures also showed a metallic temperature dependence below 10-20 K (Scheme 16) [330, 331]. 

Jiang, Y., Wang, A., and Kan, J., Selective uricase biosensor based on polyaniline synthesized in ionic liquid. Sensors Actuators B, 124, 529-534,2007. 

A. Eftekhari, Glycerol biosensor based on glycerol dehydrogenase incorporated into polyaniline modified aluminum electrode using hexacyano-ferrate as mediator, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 80(3) (2001) 283-289. 

Chabukswar V. V., Pethkar S., and Athawale A. A., Acrylic acid doped polyaniline as an ammonia sensor,. Sens. Actuators B, 77, 657-663, 2001. 

Jain S., Chakane S., Samui A. B., Krishnamurthy V. N., and Bhoraskar S. V., Humidity sensing with weak acid-doped polyaniline and its composites. Sens. Actuators B, 96, 124-129, 2003. 

Hu H., Trejo M., Nicho M. E., Saniger J. M., and Garcia-Valenzuela A., Adsorption kinetics of optochemical NH3 gas sensing with semiconductor polyaniline films. Sens. Actuators B, 82, 4-23, 2002. 

Li D., Jiang Y., Wu Z., Chen X., and Li Y., Self-assembly of polyaniline ultrathin films based on doping-induced deposition effect and applications for chemical sensors. Sens. Actuators B, 66, 125-127, 2000. 

Athawale A. A. and Kulkarni M. V., Polyaniline and its substituted derivatives as sensor for aliphatic alcohols, Sens. Actuators B, 67, 173-177, 2000. 

Jin Z., Su Y., and Duan Y, Development of a polyaniline-based optical ammonia sensor, Sens. Actuators B, 72, 75-79, 2001. 

Prasad G. K., Radhakrishnan T. R, Kumar D. S., and Krishna M. G., Ammonia sensing characteristics of thin film based on polyelectrolyte templated polyaniline, Sens. Actuators B, 106(2), 626-631, 2005. 

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Lam T, Tran H, Yuan W, Yu Z, Ha SM, Kaner R, Pei Q (2008) Polyaniline nanofibers as a novel electrode material for fault-tolerant dielectric elastomer actuators. Proc SPIE 6927 692700... 

A. Z. Sadek, W. Wlodarski, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, C. Baker, and R. B. Kaner, Doped and dedoped polyaniline nanofiber based conductometric hydrogen gas sensors. Sens. Actuators A, 139, 53-57 (2007). 

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Figure 4.21 Normalized resistance of individual electrospun HCSA-doped polyaniline nanofibers to various alcohols (a) methanol (Ct), (b) ethanol (O) snd (c) 2-propanol (A). The response of a sensor made from several nanofibers to methanol (m) is also indicated in (a) and shows lower magnitude changes when compared to the response from individual nanofibers. The inset to (a) shows the normalized resistance of a cast film of the same polymer with and without the addition of PEO. The films have a slower response time, but similar overall behavior compared to that of the nanofiber indicating that PEO has no effect on the response to methanol. (Reprinted with permission from Sensors and Actuators B., Electric response of isolated electrospun polyaniline nanofibers to vapors of aliphatic alcohols by N. J. Pinto, i. Ramos, R. Rojas eta ., 129, 621-627. Copyright (2008) Elsevier Ltd)...

Figure 4.22 (a) SEM photograph PANI/PMMA coaxial nanofibers (electrospun PMMA solution 0.18 g ml ). (b) Photograph of a gas sensor based on PANI/PMMA coaxial nanofibers. (Reprinted with permission from Sensors and Actuators B., Gas sensing properties of a composite composed of electrospun polyfmethyl methacrylate) nanofibers and in situ polymerized polyaniline by S. ji, Y. Li and M. Yang, 133, 644-649. Copyright (2008) Elsevier Ltd)... 

S. Ji, Y. Li, and M. Yang, Gas sensing properties of a composite composed of electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers and in situ polymerized polyaniline. Sensors Actuat. B, 133, 644-649 (2008). 

S. Sharma, C. Nirkhe, S. Pethkar, and A. Athawale, Chloroform vapour sensor based on copper/ polyaniline nanocomposite, Sens. Actuators B, 85, 131-136 (2002). 

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