Actuators morphology

Martin, L.P., Pham, A.Q. and Glass, R.S. (2003) Effect of Cr2O3 electrode morphology on the nitric oxide response of a stabilized zirconia sensor. Sens. Actuators B, 96, 53-60. 

Microfluidic device can be used to sort cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) machines have been scaled down to chip size. Single cell manipulation at a high speed is made possible by the fast response time of an integrated piezoelectric (PZT) actuator. Cells are sorted on the detected optically expression [46]. Cells can also be separated in an electric held on the basis of electrically distinguishable phenotypes [47]. Other cell sorters look at the fitness of the cell. For example, semen can be fractionated by their ability to swim through interfaces between adjacent laminar streams into separate streamlines, which enables isolation of motile, morphologically normal spermatozoa from semen samples [48]. This resulted in a microscale sperm sorter in which high-quality sperm can be isolated and used for in vitro fertilization [49]. 

K. Onishi, S. Sewa, K. Asaka, N. Fujiwara and K. Oguro, Morphology of electrodes and bending response of the polymer electrolyte actuator, Electrochim. Acta, 2000, 46, 737-743. 

Egashira M., Matsumoto T., Shimizu Y., and Iwanaga H., Gas-sensing characteristics of tin oxide whiskers with different morphologies. Sens. Actuators B, 14, 205-213, 1988. 

Lofdahl, M., Utaiwasin, C., Carlsson, A., Limdstrom, I. and Eriksson, M. (2001a), Gas response dependence on metal gate morphology of field-effect devices, Sensors and Actuators B, 80,183-92. 

Figure 15.10 SEM images PPy films doped with TFSI anions and prepared on (A) a glassy carbon electrode and (B) on a Pt electrode. The electrode side (with a macroporous morphology on Pt) is shown on the left in each case, and the solution side on the right. (Reprinted with permission from Synthetic Metals, Tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide-doped polypyrrole as a conducting polymer actuator with large electrochemical strain by S. Hara, T. Zama, W. Takashima and K. Kaneto 156, 2-4, 351-355. Copyright (2006) Elsevier Ltd)...

Bendahan M, Lauque P, Lambert-Mauriat C, Carchano H, Seguin JL (2002) Sputtered thin films of CuBr for ammonia microsensors morphology, composition and ageing. Sens Actuators B 84 6-11... 

Levy-Clement C, Lagoubi A, Tomkiewicz M (1994) Morphology of porous n-type silicon obtained by photoelectro-chemical etching 1. Correlations with material and etching parameters. J Electrochem Soc 141 958-967 Lewis SE, DeBoer JR, Gole JL, Hesketh PJ (2005) Sensitive, selective, and analytical improvements to a porous silicon gas sensor. Sens Actuators B 110 54-65... 

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