Actual energy requirement

The energy equivalent of red light is about 190 kJ (45 kcal) mol-1, but flte actual energy requirement for the reduction of 1 mole of COz to carbo- tydrateis 470 kJ 112 kcal) mol-1. This shows that the mechanism of... 

The actual energy required for ignition of a fuel decreases rapidly as the temperature and pressure of the fuel is increased (51). This results, in part, from sensitization of a fuel to ignition by precombustion reactions (58). 

The result of an impact test is basically no more than one point on the general curve of studying strength properties as a function of speed of testing. One advantage an impact test can offer is a ready measure of the actual energy required to break a test piece, which information can also be calculated from stress-strain diagrams in tensile or flexural tests with some effort. 

Specific discharge energy (SDE) is defined as the actual energy required for removing a imit volume of material (Liao and Yu 2004). An amount of real energy required to remove a imit volume of a specific material can be linked with the rate of energy distribution and the rate of volume of material removed ... 

Note that the amount of ene required to lift the elevator from the first to the second floor and fitom the third to the fourth floor is the same. Also reaUze that we have n eaed any frictional effea in our analysis. The actual energy requirement would be eater in the presence of frictional effea. 

The pumping efficiency is the ratio of the theoretical energy requirement to develop pressure AP (= VAP) divided by the actual energy requirement (= dZ,ii). Thus, the pumping efficiency in the channel can be written as ... 

Accurate enthalpies of solid-solid transitions and solid-liquid transitions (fiision) are usually detennined in an adiabatic heat capacity calorimeter. Measurements of lower precision can be made with a differential scaiming calorimeter (see later). Enthalpies of vaporization are usually detennined by the measurement of the amount of energy required to vaporize a known mass of sample. The various measurement methods have been critically reviewed by Majer and Svoboda [9]. The actual teclmique used depends on the vapour pressure of the material. Methods based on... 

It is possible to undertake theoretical calculations to ascertain the amount of energy required for the operation and to compare this with the actual consumption. To do this requires the knowledge of a large number of parameters but it can be undertaken, especially if an energy management system is installed. 

The amount of energy required for space heating in a particular space can be estimated from the various parameters and compared with the actual energy consumption. 

This example disregards friction. Therefore, it would not be encountered in actual practice. Force or head is also required to overcome friction. Unlike inertia, this force cannot be recovered. Even though the energy required... 

The process energy required for the reduction and the refining of interprocess intermediates to primary unfabricated metals is basically composed of two parts. One part corresponds to the theoretical minimum free energy requirement for the decomposition of the pure metal compound yielding the metal. The other part comprises the extra energy required due to the inefficiency of the actual reduction processes. This component would be... 

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