Activity analysis model, increasing

Although innovation is an extremely complex activity, some simplification can be achieved for purposes of empirical study by delineating categories of innovation in the context of a model of production. Production is assumed to take place within a finite set of well-defined processes, rather than on a smooth neoclassical production function. In this respect, the model is a version of the "activity analysis" model. In contrast to the usual activity analysis model, however, some of the inputs are characterized by increasing returns to scale. Specifically, engineers often assume that capital and labor (and perhaps other inputs) may be increased at a slower rate than output, while raw materials, energy, and other inputs are increased at the same or nearly the same rate as output. The economics literature on production functions discusses these points (12.13,14). 

The second modification to the increasing returns activity analysis model is the possibility of substitution among inputs along a given process ray. For example, it may be possible to use less feedstock and more fuel to produce the same output from fixed capital equipment. The extent of this substitution is limited by physical and chemical laws, as well as by legal restrictions and by equipment limits in the short run. 

The input-output (10) analysis model was invented by Wassily Leontief who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. The 10 model is a general equilibrium model of an economy showing the extent to which each sector uses inputs from the other sectors to produce its output, and thus showing how much each sector sells to each other sector. The lO model shows the increase in economic activity in every other sector that would be required to increase the net production of a sector by, for example, 1 million. In the case of 1 million worth of paint required for corrosion prevention, the 10 model would show the total activity in all sectors would amount to the 1 million worth of paint. The lO matrix was constructed by the U.S. Department of Commerce on the basis of the census of manufacturers in 1973 and represents the actual structure of the U.S. economy at that time. The 10 model has been very invaluable for planning. The 10 framework has also been useful in estimating the total economic activity that will result from net additional purchases from a sector and the total economic loss because of closure of an industry. 

The applicability of scaling approach for analysis of mica catalytic activity in model reaction of reetherification is shown. The change of space dimension, in which passing reaction, essentially influences on its intensity. For reaction rate increase is required raising of both Euclidean space dimension and diffusivity of reagents. 

MC3T3-E1, one of the available mouse osteoblastic cell lines, has been proved to be a model system suitable for analysis of the stimulatory effects of ascorbic acid on osteoblastic differentiation (Sudo et aL, 1983 Quarles et al., 1992), since MC3T3-E1 expresses osteoblast marker proteins and forms a mineralized extracellular matrix in response to ascorbic acid (Franceschi and Iyer, 1992 Torii et ai, 1994). Without ascorbic acid in the medium, the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin mRNAs is totally repressed for a ten-day culture period (Fig. 2). On culturing with ascorbic acid, expression of alkaline phosphatase mRNA as well as enzyme activity begins to increase on day five, reaches a maximum level on day ten, and then decreases to the same level as that on day five. Similarly, osteocalcin is markedly induced only on culturing with ascorbic acid and reaches a maximum... 

Recently, we undertook a comprehensive evaluation of these various forms of image quantitation in gene expression imaging studies of the lungs and compared the results with in vitro assays of the expression of TK enzyme activity (71). In this analysis, we found that the pulmonary uptake of [ F]-FHBG increased as TK enzyme activity increased only at low levels of HSVl-f expression and then plateaued as TK activity continued to increase [Fig. 8.10(A)]. Compartmental modeling failed to improve the correlation with in vitro assays of transgene expression. 

Increased trust in pattern recognition The active user involvement in the data mining process can lead to a deeper understanding of the data and increases the trust in the resulting patterns. In contrast, "black box" systems often lead to a higher uncertainty, because the user usually does not know, in detail, what happened during the data analysis process. This may lead to a more difficult data interpretation and/or model prediction. 

---