Active risk control

The significance level relates to the risk of designating a chance occurrence as statistically significant. Usually a 5% level is utilized for testing treatment effects. If a p-value of 0.04 is reported for a treatment effect, this means that there is only a 4% chance that the difference in response between the active and control treatments occurred due to chance. Keep in mind, however, that if many tests are run in a trial, it is entirely possible that one or two might be significant due to chance. As an extreme example, consider a study in which 100 statistical tests are run. We would expect five of those tests to show significance with a p-value of 0.05 or less due to chance. Therefore, it is essential to specify the main tests to be run in the protocol. Any tests that are conducted after the trial has been completed should be clearly labeled as post hoc exploratory analyses. 

Software development is one of the most risk-prone management challenges. Risk factors can negatively impact the development process and, if ignored, can lead to project failure. To counteract these factors, system risk must be actively assessed, controlled, and reduced on a routine basis.1... 

The EU Risk Assessment on TBBPA was recently completed with the conclusions of no restrictions for use in any applications.4950 Risk was identified at one specific additive user plant, so an active emissions control program has been put into place to help ensure that emissions do not occur. 

Thiopurines are metabolized by thiopurine methyltransferase, whose activity is controlled by a common genetic polymorphism in the short arm of chromosome 6. Patients with low or intermediate activity who take azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine are at risk of myelosup-pression caused by excess accumulation of the active thiopurine metabolite 6-thioguanine nucleotide. Benzoic acid derivatives, such as mesalazine and its precursors, and prodrugs (sulfasalazine, olsalazine, and balsalazide) inhibit thiopurine methyltransferase activity in vitro. This action could explain the increase in whole blood concentrations of 6-thioguanine nucleotide, leading to leukopenia. 

The sequencing of work should be reviewed in order to ensure that risks arising from concurrent activities are controlled and minimized. 

The enterprise should conduct risk management to systematically control the uncertainty in the project s ability to meet cost, schedule, and performance objectives. The enterprise conducts that part of risk management that directly impacts the technical effort and involves risk-management preparation, risk assessment, risk-handling option assessment, and risk control. These activities are described as follows ... 

Risk control/treat risk/address risks/risk response. When risks are not (yet) considered acceptable we can abandon the (potentially) activity to avoid them, we can reduce them, or we can transfer them to third parties. Securities and insurance markets provide important mechanisms for risk transfer. 

Once the risks are deemed to he OK, then the activity is carried out. The risks are continuously monitored through safety, environmental, insurance, and financial audits to ensure that the activity is carried out as intended. If risks are found to increase to an unacceptable level, this can he recognized through the audit process and corrected through additional risk control measures, if necessary. 

The fundamental objective is to isolate the radioactive waste from the accessible enviroiunent for as long as is needed to prevent unacceptable radiation exposure. In practice, some releases may occur and it is therefore necessary to limit die associated risk to individuals. This leads to a hierarchy of possible protection levels from exemption from control (unrestricted release) through to active institutional controls. 

Another ethical requirement is to adhere to the ALARA-principle, even if the overall risk is estimated to be small. Therefore measures may be used to reduce the probability or to mitigate the consequences of future inadvertent human intrusion in a geological repository. The most effective ones would be active institutional controls. As these measures can only be considered to be effective for timescales, which are negligible to the time periods of concern (cf. Table 1) other measures are discussed. They include ... 

In order for risk control to be successful in the workplace, we must manage the risk associated with the underlying hazards. This should be done on a priority basis in other words, priority should be given to the hazards or activities which have the potential for greatest adverse effects (put 80% of the effort into this 20% of hazards). 

Risk control options for reducing work activity injury... 

The primary philosophy is to follow the principles of inherent safety. This implies a systematic effort to apply the principles of hazard elimination, minimization/ intensification, hazard substitution, moderation/attenuation, and simplification. However, additional controls will still be required to control a hazardous situation, prevent escalation, and mitigate the risk to people, to the environment, asset, and reputation. Preferably, these safeguards will be passive- or active-engineered controls rather than administrative controls (i.e., dependent on direct human intervention). 

---