Acrolein test

I. Acrolein test. Heat 0-5 ml. with about i g. of finely powdered KHSO4. Acrolein, CH2 CH CHO, produced by dehydration of the glycerol, is readily detected by its characteristic and irritating odour smell cautiously). 

In the test for acetins with genuine oils o-x-o -2 c.c. of N/2-KOH usually suffices to saponify the verysmall amount of extract from the 10% alcohol in presence of acetins a somewhat large volume is required. The acrolein test will then indicate if acetins are really present. 

A positive acrolein test is indicated by its odor as well as by its color. Which comes first Explain. 

After the preliminary tests are made on a promising catalyst and some insight gained on the process, it is time to do a kinetic study and model development. The method of a kinetic study can be best explained on an actual industrial problem. Because more can be learned from a failure than from a success, the oxidation of propylene to acrolein is an instructive attempt at process development. (Besides, to get permission to publish a success is more difficult than to solve the problem itself) Some details of the development work follow in narrative form to make the story short and to avoid embarrassing anyone. 

Figure 6.3.2 shows the feed-forward design, in which acrolein and water were included, since previous studies had indicated some inhibition of the catalytic rates by these two substances. Inert gas pressure was kept as a variable to check for pore diffusion limitations. Since no large diffusional limitation was shown, the inert gas pressure was dropped as an independent variable in the second study of feed-back design, and replaced by total pressure. For smaller difftisional effects later tests were recommended, due to the extreme urgency of this project. 

Propene is an intermediate utilized in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The partial oxidation of propene on cuprous oxide (CU2O) yields acrolein as a thermodynamically imstable intermediate, and hence has to be performed under kinetically controlled conditions [37]. Thus in principle it is a good test reaction for micro reactors. The aim is to maximize acrolein selectivity while reducing the other by-products CO, CO2 and H2O. Propene may also react directly to give these products. The key to promoting the partial oxidation at the expense of the total oxidation is to use the CU2O phase and avoid having the CuO phase. 

EPA. 1986b. Gas chromatographic analysis of acrolein, acrylonitrile, and acetonitrile. Method 8030. In Test methods for evaluating solid wastes. SW-846. 3rd ed. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 

Acrolein was the most toxic of 15 herbicides tested for toxicity to fish (USEPA 1980). Responses by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) surviving 77 pg acrolein/L, a concentration that killed 50% in about 21 h, were characteristic of respiratory irritants (McKim et al. 1987). These responses included a steady increase in cough rate decreases in ventilation rate, oxygen utilization, and heart... 

Inhalation route juveniles exposed to air concentrations of 12,000-2,780,000 pg acrolein/L (272-63,100 mg/m3) for 5 min, then tested for learned avoidance/escape response Avoidance/escape response enhanced in all animals at all concentrations tested. The group exposed to 1,025,000 pg/L air died with respiratory complications within 24 h postexposure. The group exposed to the highest concentration of 2,780,000 pg/L for 5 min died within 90 min postexposure with severe respiratory complications 17... 

Kissel, C.L., J.L. Brady, A.M. Guerra, M.J. Meshishnek, B.A. Rockie, and F.F. Caserio, Jr. 1981. Monitoring acrolein in naturally occurring systems. Pages 102-116 in J.L. Johnson, J.R. Stanford, C.C. Wright, and A.G. Ostroff (eds.). Water for Subsurface Injection Proceedings of the Second Symposium. ASTM STP 735, Amer. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia. 

Susten, A.S. and MJ. Breitenstein. 1990. Failure of acrolein to produce sensitization in the guinea pig maximization test. Contact Dermat. 22 299-300. 

Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) is the most versatile and useful of the nitrogen mustards. Preclinical testing showed it to have a favorable therapeutic index and to possess the broadest spectrum of antitumor activity of all alkylating agents. As with the other nitrogen mustards, cyclophosphamide administration results in the formation of cross-links within DNA due to a reaction of the two chloroethyl moieties of cyclophosphamide with adjacent nucleotide bases. Cyclophosphamide must be activated metabofically by microsomal enzymes of the cytochrome P450 system before ionization of the chloride atoms and formation of the cyclic ethylenimmonium ion can occur. The metabolites phosphoramide mustard and acrolein are thought to be the ultimate active cytotoxic moiety derived from cyclophosphamide. 

Inhalation route juveniles exposed to air concentrations of 12,000-2,780,000 pg acrolein/L (272-63,100 mg/m ) for 5 min, then tested for learned avoidance/escape response... 

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