Acids Classification Combination with Alkali

Various separation methods have been used to isolate, fractionate, and characterize humic materials. Originally it was fractionation, based on solubility differences of humic components in diluted alkalis and acids, which laid the ground work for the first classifications of humic substances (HS) in the 19th century (Mulder, 1861 Sprengel, 1837) and provided for operational definition of HS (Kononova, 1966). And now, alkali extraction is the method of choice for isolating HS from solid humus-containing substrates like soil, peat, coal, and so on (Swift, 1996), while hydrophobic resins (e.g., Amberlite XAD resins) are typically used to extract HS dissolved in natural waters (Aiken, 1985). Initial research on HS began with the used simple separation methods to prove, examine, and define characteristics of components of humic matter (Oden, 1919).Today, however, advances in HS research require ever more sophisticated techniques of separation combined with structural analysis (Orlov, 1990 Stevenson, 1994). 

Classification of Soaps—Direct combination of Patty Acids with Alkali— Cold Process Soaps—Saponification under Increased or Diminished Pressure—Soft Soap—Marine. Soap—Hydrated Soaps, Smooth and Marbled — Pasting or Saponification — Graining Out — Boiling on... 

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