Acidmaking

The three main recent developments in sulfuric acidmaking have been ... 

An alternative to the conventional acidmaking described here is Wet Sulfuric Acidmaking (Laursen, 2005 Topsoe, 2005 WSA, 2005). 

Industrial sulfuric acid production began in the 18th century with the burning of sulfur in the presence of natural niter (KN03) and steam. This developed into the lead chamber and tower processes - which used nitrogen oxides to form an aqueous S02 oxidation catalyst. The overall acidmaking reaction with this catalyst is ... 

Double contact acidmaking oxidizes its S02 more completely to S03 than single contact acidmaking. For this reason it ... 

Many of the chapters have problems after their chapter summaries. The problems are not crucial to understanding the concepts in the chapters. They may, however, be useful for learning how our calculations can be extended to control and optimization of industrial acidmaking. 

The process is called double contact acidmaking because gas and sulfuric acid are contacted twice, steps (b) and (d). 

Double contact acidmaking always gives more efficient S02 + AO 2 - S03 oxidation than single contact acidmaking. This leads to ... 

Fig. 19.2. Double contact acidmaking flowsheet with numerical values used in this chapter s calculations. The plant consists of 3 catalyst beds followed by intermediate H2S04 making and a 4th catalyst bed. The gas from the last catalyst bed goes to cooling and final H2S04 making (not shown). All kg-mole values are per kg-mole of 1st catalyst bed feed gas. Gas pressure = 1.2 bar, all beds.

Section 19.7 shows that 3 - 1 double contact acidmaking has oxidized ... 

Double contact acidmaking is more efficient than single contact acidmaking. However, this extra efficiency comes with extra costs. They are for ... 

Widespread industrial adoption of double contact acidmaking indicates, however, that the high efficiency of the process more than offsets these extra costs. 

This chapter uses the latter calculation to analyze double-contact acidmaking. Its objectives are to ... 

This chapter has examined a very simple acid plant. Its techniques are, however, readily extended to complex industrial acidmaking situations. 

Sulfuric acid compositions are expressed in mass%. For this reason, acidmaking calculations are more easily done with mass (rather than molar) balances. 

Acid plants (especially sulfur burning plants) are now often built with acid heat to steam energy recovery systems. These significantly increase acidmaking energy efficiency. 

The book begins with a 9 chapter description of sulfuric acid manufacture. These chapters introduce the reader to industrial acidmaking and give reasons for each process step. They also present considerable industrial acid plant operating data. We thank our industrial colleagues profusely for so graciously providing this information. 

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