Acid halide, naming reactions

Cationic condensation products, namely, the reaction products of a dicarboxylic acid or an ester or acid halide thereof and an aminoalkylamine, that are quatemized are recommended for breaking cmde oil emulsions from fireflooding [365],... 

As noted in the preceding section, one of the most general methods of synthesis of esters is by reaction of alcohols with an acyl chloride or other activated carboxylic acid derivative. Section 3.2.5 dealt with two other important methods, namely, reactions with diazoalkanes and reactions of carboxylate salts with alkyl halides or sulfonate esters. There is also the acid-catalyzed reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols, which is called the Fischer esterification. 

Carboxylic acids and their derivatives like esters, amides, anhydrides, and acyl halides are formally synthesized from olefins, carbon monoxide, and compounds represented by Nu-H such as H2O, ROH, RNH2, RCOOH (Equations (4) and (5)). Alkynes also react under similar conditions to afford the corresponding unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives. These reactions have been named hydrocarboxylation, hydroalkoxycarbonylation, and hydroaminocarbonylation. 

Friedel-Crafts reaction. A type of reaction involving anhydrous aluminum chloride and similar metallic halides as catalysts, discovered in 1877 by Charles Friedel, a French chemist (1832-1899), and James Mason Crafts, an American chemist (1830-1917), during joint research in France it has been developed since then for many important industrial uses, exemplified by the condensation of ethyl chloride and benzene to form ethylbenzene and the manufacture of acetophenone from acetyl chloride and benzene. The name is now applied to a wide variety of acid-catalyzed organic reactions. 

Carboxylic acid anhydrides have been determined via estimation of the water consumed in an analogous reaction but only two examples could be found for a sulphonyl halide, namely p-acetylaminobenzenesulphonyl chloride, where excess water was back-titrated with the Karl Fischer reagent245,246. 

This chapter will discuss carbanion-like reactions that utilize enolate anions. The acid-base reactions used to form enolate anions will be discussed. Formation of enolate anions from aldehyde, ketones, and esters will lead to substitution reactions, acyl addition reactions, and acyl substitution reactions. Several classical named reactions that arise from these three fundamental reactions of enolate anions are presented. In addition, phosphonium salts wiU be prepared from alkyl halides and converted to ylids, which react with aldehydes or ketones to form alkenes. These ylids are treated as phosphorus-stabilized car-banions in terms of their reactivity. 

Friedel-Catalysts n Strongly acidic metal halides such as aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, boron trifluoride, ferric chloride, and zinc chloride, used in the polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g., olefins. (Friedel-Crafts reactions using such catalysis are named for Charles Friedel and James Crafts, who first used them in 1877.) These acidic halides are also known as Lewis acids. 

They include natural polymers such as silk and synthetics such as nylons. Nylon polymers first were synthesized by Wallace Carothers and CO workers at Du Point in the late 1920s and 1930s. They are derived from carboxylic acid and amine precursors by both condensation and ring opening polymerization. They are commonly named by adding to the word nylon, a number equal to the number of carbons in the parent compounds. Thus, nylon 6.6 is the product of the condensation reaction between hexamethylenediamine, NH2(CH2)eNH2, or HMD A, and adipic acid or its acid halide and methyl ester. 

The acylpalladium complex formed from acyl halides undergoes intramolecular alkene insertion. 2,5-Hexadienoyl chloride (894) is converted into phenol in its attempted Rosenmund reduction[759]. The reaction is explained by the oxidative addition, intramolecular alkene insertion to generate 895, and / -elimination. Chloroformate will be a useful compound for the preparation of a, /3-unsaturated esters if its oxidative addition and alkene insertion are possible. An intramolecular version is known, namely homoallylic chloroformates are converted into a-methylene-7-butyrolactones in moderate yields[760]. As another example, the homoallylic chloroformamide 896 is converted into the q-methylene- -butyrolactams 897 and 898[761]. An intermolecular version of alkene insertion into acyl chlorides is known only with bridgehead acid chlorides. Adamantanecarbonyl chloride (899) reacts with acrylonitrile to give the unsaturated ketone 900[762],... 

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