Ketones acid catalysis

In a second attempt to extend the scope of Lewis-acid catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions in water, we have used the Mannich reaction to convert a ketone-activated monodentate dienophile into a potentially chelating p-amino ketone. The Mannich reaction seemed ideally suited for the purpose of introducing a second coordination site on a temporary basis. This reaction adds a strongly Lewis-basic amino functionality on a position p to the ketone. Moreover, the Mannich reaction is usually a reversible process, which should allow removal of the auxiliary after the reaction. Furthermore, the reaction is compatible with the use of an aqueous medium. Some Mannich reactions have even been reported to benefit from the use of water ". Finally, Lewis-acid catalysis of Mannich-type reactions in mixtures of organic solvents and water has been reported ". Hence, if both addition of the auxiliary and the subsequent Diels-Alder reaction benefit from Lewis-acid catalysis, the possibility arises of merging these steps into a one-pot procedure. 

As anticipated from the complexation experiments, reaction of 4.42 with cyclopentadiene in the presence of copper(II)nitrate or ytterbium triflate was extremely slow and comparable to the rate of the reaction in the absence of Lewis-acid catalyst. Apparently, Lewis-acid catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions of p-amino ketone dienophiles is not practicable. 

Many of the most interesting and useful reactions of aldehydes and ketones involve trans formation of the initial product of nucleophilic addition to some other substance under the reaction conditions An example is the reaction of aldehydes with alcohols under con ditions of acid catalysis The expected product of nucleophilic addition of the alcohol to the carbonyl group is called a hemiacetal The product actually isolated however cor responds to reaction of one mole of the aldehyde with two moles of alcohol to give gem mal diethers known as acetals... 

Ketones with labile hydrogen atoms undergo enol acetylation on reaction with ketene. Strong acid catalysis is required. If acetone is used, isoptopenyl acetate [108-22-5] (10) is formed (82—85). Isopropenyl acetate is the starting material for the production of 2,4-pentanedione (acetylacetone) [123-54-6] (11). 

In typical processes, the gaseous effluent from the second-stage oxidation is cooled and fed to an absorber to isolate the MAA as a 20—40% aqueous solution. The MAA may then be concentrated by extraction into a suitable organic solvent such as butyl acetate, toluene, or dibutyl ketone. Azeotropic dehydration and solvent recovery, followed by fractional distillation, is used to obtain the pure product. Water, solvent, and low boiling by-products are removed in a first-stage column. The column bottoms are then fed to a second column where MAA is taken overhead. Esterification to MMA or other esters is readily achieved using acid catalysis. 

Solutions of unstable enols of simple ketones and aldehydes can also be generated in water by addition of a solution of the enolate to water. The initial protonation takes place on oxygen, generating the enol, which is then ketonized at a rate that depends on the solution pH. The ketonization exhibits both acid and base catalysis. Acid catalysis involves C-protonation with concerted 0-deprotonation. 

In agreement with expectation for a rate-determining proton transfer, the reaction shows general acid catalysis. Base-catalyzed ketonization occurs by C-protonation of the enolate. 

Similarly, with two equivalents of DDQ, A -3-ketones give A -3-ketones in good yield ( 70%), without isolation of the intermediate A -3-ke-tone/ These trienones are also obtainable directly from A -3-alcohols with three equivalents of DDQ in refluxing dioxane (20 hr), and the overall yield ( 50%) compares favorably with less direct methods. The direct formation of A -3-ketones from A -3-ketones with acid catalysis is not successful. Enol derivatives have proven to be useful for the preparation... 

Progesterone (81) is dehydrogenated by DDQ in dioxane, with acid catalysis. This method and the chloranil reaction (see section VI-A) provide the most direct route from A -3-ketones to -3-ketones. 

Enamines are not easily formed from 17-ketones. A pyrrolidine enam-ine is obtained by acid catalysis accompanied by azeotropic removal of water whereas the morpholine and piperidine enamines do not form under these forcing conditions. 

Enamines formed in this way may be distilled or used in situ. The ease of formation of the enamine depends on the structure of the secondary amine as well as the structure of the ketone. Thus pyrrolidine reacts faster than morpholine or piperidine, as expected from a rate-controlling transition state with imonium character. Six-membered ring ketones without a substituents form pyrrolidine enamines even at room temperature in methanol (20), and morpholine enamines are generated in cold acetic acid (21), but a-alkylcyclohexanones, cycloheptanone, and linear ketones react less readily. In such examples acid catalysis with p-toluenesulfonic acid or... 

The Friedlander reaction is quite versatile. The primary limitation on the o-aminobenzaldehyde component is preparation of the starting material as one might expect, these compounds are prone to self-condensation. Both electron rich and electron poor o-aminobenzocarbonyl compounds undergo the Friedlander reaction. When ketone partner 2 has only one available reactive methyl or methylene or is symmetrical, only one product is obtained. Even when two products can be formed, it is possible to choose reaction conditions such that only one product is isolated vide infra). The reaction can be promoted by acid catalysis, sometimes with improved results. 

It is believed that clay minerals promote organic reactions via an acid catalysis [2a]. They are often activated by doping with transition metals to enrich the number of Lewis-acid sites by cationic exchange [4]. Alternative radical pathways have also been proposed [5] in agreement with the observation that clay-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions are accelerated in the presence of radical sources [6], Montmorillonite K-10 doped with Fe(III) efficiently catalyzes the Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene (1) with methyl vinyl ketone at room temperature [7] (Table 4.1). In water the diastereoselectivity is higher than in organic media in the absence of clay the cycloaddition proceeds at a much slower rate. 

It is not the aldehyde or ketone itself that is halogenated, but the corresponding enol or enolate ion. The purpose of the catalyst is to provide a small amount of enol or enolate. The reaction is often done without addition of acid or base, but traces of acid or base are always present, and these are enough to catalyze formation of the enol or enolate. With acid catalysis the mechanism is... 

Tetrahydrocarbazoles have been prepared in one-flask syntheses from indoles, ketones and maleic anhydride, with acid catalysis. The reactions involve a condensation of the indole 121 with the ketone or aldehyde, followed by in situ trapping of the vinylindole 122 with maleic anhydride to afford tetrahydrocarbazoles 123 after double bond isomerization <96T4555>. 

Many enantioselective catalysts have been developed for reduction of functional groups, particularly ketones. BINAP complexes of Ru(II)C12 or Ru(II)Br2 give good enantioselectivity in reduction of (3-ketoesters.49 This catalyst system has been shown to be subject to acid catalysis.50 Thus in the presence of 0.1 mol % HC1, reduction proceeds smoothly at 40 psi of H2 at 40° C. 

In 1991, Li and Chan reported the use of indium to mediate Barbier-Grignard-type reactions in water (Eq. 8.49).108 When the allylation was mediated by indium in water, the reaction went smoothly at room temperature without any promoter, whereas the use of zinc and tin usually requires acid catalysis, heat, or sonication. The mildness of the reaction conditions makes it possible to use the indium method to allylate a methyl ketone in the presence of an acid-sensitive acetal functional group (Eq. 8.50). Furthermore, the coupling of ethyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylate with carbonyl compounds proceeds equally well under the same reaction conditions, giving ready access to various hydroxyl acids including, for example, sialic acids. 

The halogenation of ketones is also catalysed by acids (general acid catalysis, cf. p. 74), the rate law observed is,... 

Hydride transfer from [(bipy)2(CO)RuH]+ occurs in the hydrogenation of acetone when the reaction is carried out in buffered aqueous solutions (Eq. (21)) [39]. The kinetics of the reaction showed that it was a first-order in [(bipy)2(CO)RuH]+ and also first-order in acetone. The reaction proceeds faster at lower pH. The proposed mechanism involved general acid catalysis, with a fast pre-equilibrium protonation of the ketone followed by hydride transfer from [(biPy)2(CO)RuH]+. 

In almost the same manner, tandem hydroformylation/aldol condensation aldol condensation of ketoolefins, such as p,y-unsaturated ketones, gives a single cyclization product under acid catalysis. Similar to the stepwise reaction, the in situ generated aldehyde preferentially acts as the electrophilic carbonyl component, while the ketone acts as the nucleophilic enol to form the five-membered ring product. Subsequent dehydration and hydrogenation of the resulting enone readily occurs under the reductive reaction conditions used (Scheme 30) [84],... 

Nitrophenyl)ethylene glycol was used to protect simple aldehydes and ketones, as well as some steroids. Acetals were prepared under acid catalysis, leading, in the case of chiral carbonyl compounds to diaste-reoisomers. The photochemical removal of the protecting group was in several instances complicated by the instability of some carbonyl derivatives to irradiation at 350 nm otherwise, yields were in the range of 83-90% (see Scheme 19). 

The functional group in ring A is a ketone a planar system that takes in carbons adjacent to a ketone is the enol tautomer. We are using acid catalysis here, and that is appropriate for enolization. If we first protonate the carbonyl, then try moving electrons, we shall soon find that the proton at position 6 (standard steroid numbering) can be lost in generating a conjugated enol tautomer. In a reversal of this process back to the ketone, we can pick up a proton at position 6 from either face. In this case, protonation on the upper face allows the methyl substituent to take up the more favourable equatorial position. 

Two years later, Terada and coworkers described an asymmetric organocatalytic aza-ene-type reaction (Scheme 28) [50], BINOL phosphate (7 )-3m (0.1 mol%, R = 9-anthryl) bearing 9-anthryl substituents mediated the reaction of A-benzoylated aldimines 32 with enecarbamate 76 derived from acetophenone. Subsequent hydrolysis led to the formation of P-amino ketones 77 in good yields (53-97%) and excellent enantioselectivities (92-98% ee). A substrate/catalyst ratio of 1,000 1 has rarely been achieved in asymmetric Brpnsted acid catalysis before. 

For example, the formation of mixtures of 4,5- and 4,7-dihydroisomers 45 and 46 was observed by Werman and Hartman [79] in the reaction of 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole with two equivalents of methylarylketone in the presence of ZnCl2 as a catalyst (Scheme 20). The ratios between two position isomers were from 50 50 to 74 26. However, Desenko et al. [80] established that treatment of the same starting compounds under acidic catalysis (acetic or mineral acids) yielded only 4,5-dihy-droderivatives 46 and heterocycles 47 [81]. In the latter case, the third component of the multicomponent condensation was the solvent - DMF. It is worth noting that heterocychc compounds 46 were also the products of the reaction between 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole with a,p-unsaturated ketones 48 (Scheme 20). 

Under conditions of acid catalysis, it is the enol form of the aldehyde or ketone which functions as the nucleophile. The carbonyl group is activated toward nucleophilic attack by... 

In general, the product ratio of a mixed aldol condensation will depend upon the individual reaction rates. Most ketones show a pattern similar to butanone in reactions with aromatic aldehydes. Base catalysis favors reaction at a methyl position over a methylene group, whereas acid catalysis gives the opposite preference. 

The Mukaiyama Reaction. The Mukaiyama reaction refers to Lewis acid-catalyzed aldol addition reactions of enol derivatives. The initial examples involved silyl enol ethers.40 Silyl enol ethers do not react with aldehydes because the silyl enol ether is not a strong enough nucleophile. However, Lewis acids do cause reaction to occur by activating the ketone. The simplest mechanistic formulation of the Lewis acid catalysis is that complexation occurs at the carbonyl oxygen, activating the carbonyl group to nucleophilic attack. 

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