Acid-base reaction Neutralization reaction

Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions 4.12 Some Applications of Redox Reactions... 

Like all other acid-base reactions, the reaction that produces table salt and water is a neutralization reaction. In this reaction, both of the reactants are dangerous to work with and are capable of eating through human flesh, but the products are harmless table salt dissolved in water. 

Acid-base reactions (neutralization). An acid, which contributes H+ (H30+) ions, and a base, which contributes OH- ions, undergo metathesis to produce water (HOH or H2O) and a salt. Isn t this a special case of a double displacement reaction ... 

Acid-base or neutralization reactions, where free bases are reacted with a standard acid (or vice versa). These reactions involve the combination of hydrogen and hydroxide ions to form water. 

When these two processes are combined, the result is an acid/base, or neutralization, reaction ... 

The donor-acceptor principle is an important basic concept in modern chemical education acid-base reactions, redox reactions and complex reactions explain a huge number of chemical changes. One important group of donor-acceptor reactions are the acid-base reactions protons (H+ ions) transfer from one species to another species. One example, in the neutralization of sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide a proton is moving from one hydronium ion H30 + (aq) of the acid solution to one hydroxide ion OH (aq) ion of the hydroxide solution. Broensted s key concept will be considered in this chapter. 

Acids and bases are essential substances in home, industry, and the environment. In aqueous solution, water combines with the proton released from an acid to form the hydrated species represented by HgO laq). In the Arrhenius definition, acids contain H and yield HaO in water, bases contain OH and yield OH in water, and an acid-base reaction (neutralization) is the reaction of and OH to form HgO. Acid strength depends on [HaO" ] relative to [HA] in aqueous solution. Strong acids dissociate completely and weak acids slightly. The extent of dissociation is expressed by the acid-dissociation constant, K. Weak acids have values ranging from about 10 to 10 . Many acids and bases can be classified qualitatively as strong or weak based on their formulas. 

Acid-base reactions neutralize one another, and the product of a balanced reaction will always render a salt product and water. 

By the Arrhenius definition, acids contain H and yield H3O+ in water, bases contain OH and yield OH in water, and an acid-base reaction (neutralization) is the reaction of H+ and OH to form HjO. 

Hydroxylation of the metal cation may be obtained through an acid-base reaction (neutralization, thermolysis, etc.) or through an oxidation-reduction reaction. The charge-pH diagram (Figure 1.6) shows that reduction and oxidation of cations as 0x0 and aquo species, respectively, allows them to reach the stability domain of hydroxo forms. Hydroxylation is the initiation stage of the process and the hydro-xylated complex is the precursor of the condensation products. 

I remarked earlier that Arrhenius s vision was too limited because his view of acids, bases, and neutralization reactions depended on the presence of water. This restriction is removed in the proton transfer vision of neutralization reactions, as a proton can hop directly from an acid to a base without a solvent needing to be present. 

The electric field-jump method is applicable to reactions of ions and dipoles. Application of a powerful electric field to a solution will favor the production of ions from a neutral species, and it will orient dipoles with the direction of the applied field. The method has been used to study metal ion complex formation, the binding of ions to macromolecules, and acid-base reactions. 

When a strong acid is mixed with a strong base, a neutralization reaction occurs for which the net ionic equation is... 

In acid-base reactions, the heat of neutralization of aqueous acids and bases can be sufficient to cause spitting from containers when the concentrated reagents interact. This is also encountered when concentrated sulphuric acid is diluted (refer to Table 6.1) the acid should always be added cautiously to water and not vice versa. Eye protection is obligatory when using such reagents. 

Indicators are chemical dyes that change color with a change of pH. Litmus paper and phenolphthalein are two common indicators used in acid-base reactions. They are chosen because they change color at or very near solution neutrality. Litmus paper is red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic solutions and turns red in basic solutions. 

The hydrogenation of simple alkenes using cationic rhodium precatalysts has been studied by Osborn and Schrock [46-48]. Although kinetic analyses were not performed, their collective studies suggest that both monohydride- and dihydride-based catalytic cycles operate, and may be partitioned by virtue of an acid-base reaction involving deprotonation of a cationic rhodium(III) dihydride to furnish a neutral rhodium(I) monohydride (Eq. 1). This aspect of the mechanism finds precedent in the stoichiometric deprotonation of cationic rhodium(III) dihydrides to furnish neutral rhodium(I) monohydrides (Eq. 2). The net transformation (H2 + M - X - M - H + HX) is equivalent to a formal heterolytic activation of elemental... 

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